Probiotics: mechanism of action and gastrointestinal health: gut guardians: unlocking the power of probiotics
Abstract
The gut microbiota is fundamental to human health, contributing to nutrient metabolism, immune regulation and protection against pathogens. Disturbances in this microbial community, often caused by antibiotic use, poor diet or infections, can disrupt intestinal homeostasis and predispose individuals to gastrointestinal disorders. Restoring this balance has become a major therapeutic goal, with probiotics emerging as one of the most widely studied interventions. Probiotics exert their beneficial effects through multiple mechanisms, including strengthening the intestinal barrier, adhering to mucosal surfaces to prevent pathogen colonization, competing for nutrients and receptor sites, producing antimicrobial substances, and modulating host immune responses. By acting at the interface of the host and its microbiota, probiotics can influence both local gut function and systemic health outcomes. Clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of probiotics in managing gastrointestinal conditions such as antibiotic‐associated diarrhea, Helicobacter pylori infection, acute gastroenteritis, necrotizing enterocolitis, irritable bowel syndrome and AIDS‐associated diarrhea. Evidence suggests that therapeutic benefits are strain specific, underscoring the importance of precise strain selection for targeted outcomes. However, variability in host microbiota composition contributes to inconsistent clinical results and safety concerns remain for vulnerable populations such as immunocompromised patients. Future research must address these challenges through large scale, well controlled trials that clarify strain dependent mechanisms and establish standardized recommendations. Advances in microbiome science also highlight the potential of next generation probiotics such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila , which may extend benefits beyond conventional strains. In conclusion, probiotics represent a promising adjunct to conventional therapies for gastrointestinal disorders. With further progress in standardization and safety validation, they may become reliable and personalized tools for promoting gut and overall health. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Vitetta, L., Saltzman, E., Nikov, T., Ibrahim, I., & Hall, S. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm5110102 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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Kluijfhout, S., Trieu, T., & Vandenplas, Y. (2020) · Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition · doi:10.5223/pghn.2020.23.5.464 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Current Concepts in Probiotic Safety and Efficacy
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“This restriction leads to cautious labeling and limited marketing [39,60].”
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Viable and Heat-Inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 Protect the Intestinal Barrier
Storr, M., & Gschwender, M. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14061349 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“However, only selected probiotic strains were proven to be effective [21–26], and even fewer are believed to protect the intestinal barrier [27,28].”
Pendón, M. D., Ferreyra, M., Valette, E., Girardi, J. I., Errea, A. J., Dardis, C., Bengoa, A. A., Tanco, M. E., Croce, A. G. S., Machuca, M., et al. (2026) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-026-11003-z
“Since probiotics show strain specific traits and mode of action [ 34], it is not surprising this disparity of results which tells about a positive trait of our K. marxianus CIDCA 9121 strain.”
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Zhou, Y., Zhang, G., Shi, Q., Liu, J., Lu, Y., & Song, J. (2026) · Journal of Biological Engineering · doi:10.1186/s13036-026-00740-y
“It includes pathogen inhibition, niche competition, biofilm modulation, production of antimicrobial metabolites and support of beneficial microbial communities [62–64]; Axis 4, host-interface regulation.”
Hong, Z., Li, J., Li, J., Wang, Z., Qian, Q., Yan, J., & Wang, H. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2026.105802
Divalent Metal Ion Dictates Probiotic Intestinal Retention and Mucoadhesion
Li, Y., Song, H., Shi, J., Han, H., Li, L., Yu, Z., & Gu, Q. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.6c15117
- Authors
- Rana, A., & Smriti
- Affiliations
- Chandigarh University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Rana, Anita
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2025-10-25
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3938-3951
- ISSN
- 0022-5142 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0010
- OpenAlex
- W4415539041
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7
- FWCI
- 0.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- probiotics, gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, immunomodulation, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Helicobacter pylori infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, irritable bowel syndrome, strain specificity, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila, probiotic safety, immunocompromised patients, dysbiosis
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Bacteria, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Probiotics, Gastrointestinal Tract
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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