Virtual reality exposure therapy using a virtual Iraq: Case report
Open accessAbstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been estimated to affect up to 18% of returning Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans. Soldiers need to maintain constant vigilance to deal with unpredictable threats, and an unprecedented number of soldiers are surviving serious wounds. These risk factors are significant for development of PTSD; therefore, early and efficient intervention options must be identified and presented in a form acceptable to military personnel. This case report presents the results of treatment utilizing virtual reality exposure (VRE) therapy (virtual Iraq) to treat an OIF veteran with PTSD. Following brief VRE treatment, the veteran demonstrated improvement in PTSD symptoms as indicated by clinically and statistically significant changes in scores on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Blake et al., 1990) and the PTSD Symptom Scale Self‐Report (PSS‐SR; Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993). These results indicate preliminary promise for this treatment.
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Preliminary results from early attempts showed effectiveness of individual games in reducing depression levels and enhancing social support.
“Preliminary results from some early attempts to use this approach in the field have supported this claim by showing the effectiveness of individual games in reducing depression levels11,12 and enhancing social support.13”
From Game-based digital interventions for depression therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
The review identified that virtual reality exposure therapy was very effective for war PTSD.
“Three studies11,27,32 indicated that virtual reality exposure therapy was very effective for war posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).”
From Game-based digital interventions for depression therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
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Using virtual reality to help our patients in the real world
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Self-citationComputer Simulation and Virtual Reality in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders
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The use of virtual reality for language investigation and learning
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Post-traumatic stress disorder and vision
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Virtual Reality Therapy and Machine Learning Techniques in Drug Addiction Treatment
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The influence of human factors on olfaction based mulsemedia quality of experience
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OVPD: Odor-Video Elicited Physiological Signal Database for Emotion Recognition
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Harnessing Technology to Address the Global Mental Health Crisis
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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Combat-Related PTSD
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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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- Authors
- Gerardi, M., Rothbaum, B. O., Ressler, K., Heekin, M., & Rizzo, A.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 209-213
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- PMC
- PMC3734540
- OpenAlex
- W2046653695
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 18.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH070880)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Simulation and Modeling Applications
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, military veterans, combat exposure, PTSD treatment, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Combat Disorders, Equipment Design, Health Status, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Life Change Events, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mental Recall, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, User-Computer Interface, Veterans, Treatment Outcome, Iraq War, 2003-2011
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