Tendency toward eveningness is associated with unhealthy dietary habits
Abstract
Subjects with higher preference for evening hours in daily activities (eveningness) have been repeatedly shown to practice adverse health behaviors as compared to those preferring morning hours (morningness). However, associations between chronotype and dietary intake have not been explored intensively. The authors explored whether the human chronotype is associated with food and nutrient intakes in a random sample of the population aged 25 to 74 yrs. The cross-sectional study included 4493 subjects from the National FINRISK 2007 Study. Chronotype was assessed using a shortened version of Horne and Östberg's Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Diet was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Associations between morningness-eveningness (ME) score and dietary intakes were analyzed by linear regression and difference between lowest (eveningness) and highest (morningness) ME score quintiles by Tukey's test. In the multivariable model, intakes of whole grain, rye, potatoes, and vegetables and roots decreased, whereas those of wine and chocolate increased with lower ME scores. Participants in the lowest ME score quintile consumed less fish (p < .001) and fruits (p = .025) and more chocolate (p = .001) and soft drinks (p = .015) compared to the highest quintile. No linear association was found between ME score and total energy intake. In regression analyses, intake of alcohol (as a percentage of total energy intake; E%) and sucrose (E%) increased, whereas intake of carbohydrates (E%), protein (E%), fiber, folic acid, and sodium decreased with lower ME scores. Furthermore, participants in the lowest ME score quintile ingested more fat (E%) (p < .001) and less vitamin D (p < .001) compared to the highest quintile, even though no linear trend between ME score and these nutrients emerged. In conclusion, these results support existing evidence that individuals with circadian preference toward eveningness have less healthy lifestyles, such as unfavorable dietary habits, than those with tendency toward morningness, which could put them at higher risk of several chronic diseases.
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In that Finnish sample, lower morning-to-evening scores were associated with higher alcohol (as percentage of total energy) and sucrose intakes and lower intakes of carbohydrates, protein, fiber, folic acid, and sodium.
“Intakes of alcohol (as a percentage of total energy intake) and sucrose were also higher, whereas intakes of carbohydrates, protein, fiber, folic acid, and sodium were lower with lower morning-to-evening scores (80).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
In a random sample of the Finnish population, greater eveningness (lower morning-to-evening score) was associated with lower intake of whole grains, rye, potatoes, and vegetables and roots, whereas intake of wine and chocolate was higher.
“Greater eveningness, as demonstrated by lower morning-to-evening score, was associated with a lower intake of whole grains, rye, potatoes, and vegetables and roots, whereas intake of wine and chocolate was higher.”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
Late chronotypes eat fewer fruits and vegetables and more saturated fats than early chronotypes.
“Chronotype has been shown to influence dietary intake such that late chronotypes consume more calories in the evening [25], eat fewer fruits and vegetables and more saturated fats [25–28] than early chronotypes.”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
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Chronotype and mortality - a 37-year follow-up study in Finnish adults
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- Authors
- Kanerva, N., Kronholm, E., Partonen, T., Ovaskainen, M.-L., Kaartinen, N. E., Konttinen, H., Broms, U., & Männistö, S.
- Affiliations
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Kanerva, Noora
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-07-23
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 920-927
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- OpenAlex
- W2082607247
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 12.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- chronotype, eveningness, dietary intake, nutrient intake, circadian preference, alcohol consumption, soft drinks, chocolate consumption, fish consumption, fruit consumption, whole grains, vitamin D, dietary fat intake, chronic disease risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Sectional Studies, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Finland, Food Preferences, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Multivariate Analysis, Linear Models
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