Combining Data Longevity with High Storage Capacity—Layer‐by‐Layer DNA Encapsulated in Magnetic Nanoparticles
Abstract
In this paper the practical density of long‐term DNA storage is increased. Specifically, the DNA weight loading of silica sphere DNA storage is increased to 3.4 wt%, a ten‐fold increase compared to the previous state‐of‐the‐art. By applying a Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) design with alternating layers of DNA and a polycationic molecule, namely polyethyleneimine (PEI), another dimension to DNA surface binding onto magnetic nanoparticles is added. A protective silica layer is grown on top of the multilayered nanoparticles to shield the DNA from external sources of damage. Accelerated aging experiments of the nanoparticles and the subsequent quantification of DNA stability via qPCR show a significantly lower degradation rate compared to unprotected DNA. The novel material is compared to previous DNA storage technologies, outperforming those in DNA storage density as well as stability. Finally, the storage of an 83 kB digital file in DNA through a successful readout of a 4991 oligonucleotide pool is demonstrated from particle encapsulation, through accelerated aging, to sequencing.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Because encapsulation of the DNA file sequence relies only on electrostatic interactions between positively-charged silica and the phosphate backbone of DNA, the approach can equally encapsulate any molecular weight of DNA molecule applicable to MB and larger file sizes, and is compatible with alternative DNA file compositions such as 100-200-mer oligonucleotides or multiple layers of encapsulated
“Because encapsulation of the DNA file sequence relies only on electrostatic interactions between positively-charged silica and the phosphate backbone of DNA, our approach can equally encapsulate any molecular weight of DNA molecule applicable to MB and larger file sizes, as demonstrated previously23, and is compatible with alternative DNA file compositions such as 100–200-mer oligonucleotides that”
From Random access DNA memory using Boolean search in an archival file storage system (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
The adaptation was accomplished by a more dilute condensation reaction as opposed to previously reported synthesis procedures.
“This was accomplished by a more dilute condensation reaction as opposed to previously reported synthesis procedures. [22,22,26]”
From Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Encapsulation of DNA in silica nanoparticles is one of the most effective methods for DNA preservation and was employed in this work.
“One of the most effective methods is the encapsulation of DNA in silica nanoparticles, which has been versatilely used in the recent past and was therefore also employed in this work.[10,21,22]”
From Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Particles comprising higher DNA concentrations than those used here would aid to further increase data density.
“Also, particles comprising higher DNA concentrations than the ones used here, would aid to further increase data density.[22]”
From Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
A potential data load of nearly 280 TB per spot is already feasible today, considering particles with optimized DNA loading and a coding scheme with increased net information density.
“Considering the usage of particles with a more optimized DNA loading and a coding scheme featuring increased net information density, [5,22] a potential data load of nearly 280 TB per spot is already feasible today.”
From Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Cites
A new method for sequencing DNA.
Maxam, A. M., & Gilbert, W. (1977) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.74.2.560 · Cited by 7,929 · see citing works
A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase
Sanger, F., & Coulson, A. R. (1975) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(75)90213-2 · Cited by 2,709 · see citing works
Rate of depurination of native deoxyribonucleic acid
Lindahl, T. L., & Nyberg, B. (1972) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00769a018 · Cited by 1,558 · see citing works
Decher, G., & Hong, J. (1991) · Makromolekulare Chemie Macromolecular Symposia · doi:10.1002/masy.19910460145 · Cited by 1,449 · see citing works
Dabney, J., Knapp, M., Glocke, I., Gansauge, M.-T., Weihmann, A., Nickel, B., Valdiosera, C., García, N., Pääbo, S., Arsuaga, J.-L., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1314445110 · Cited by 1,443 · see citing works
Next-Generation Digital Information Storage in DNA
Church, G. M., Gao, Y., & Kosuri, S. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1226355 · Cited by 1,441 · see citing works
Lutz, J., Ouchi, M., Liu, D. R., & Sawamoto, M. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1238149 · Cited by 1,390 · see citing works
Towards Practical, High-Capacity, Low-Maintenance Information Storage in Synthesized DNA
Goldman, N., Bertone, P., Chen, S., Dessimoz, C., LeProust, E. M., Sipos, B., & Birney, E. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11875 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
DNA sequencing at 40: past, present and future
Shendure, J., Balasubramanian, S., Church, G. M., Gilbert, W., Rogers, J., Schloss, J. A., & Waterston, R. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24286 · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works
Innovation in Layer-by-Layer Assembly
Richardson, J. J., Cui, J., Björnmalm, M., Braunger, J. A., Ejima, H., & Caruso, F. (2016) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00627 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
DNA Fountain enables a robust and efficient storage architecture
Erlich, Y., & Zielinski, D. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaj2038 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Large-scale de novo DNA synthesis: technologies and applications
Kosuri, S., & Church, G. M. (2014) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2918 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Recalibrating equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early middle pleistocene horse
Orlando, L., Ginolhac, A., Zhang, G., Froese, D., Albrechtsen, A., Stiller, M., Schubert, M., Cappellini, E., Petersen, B., Moltke, I., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12323 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Random access in large-scale DNA data storage
Organick, L., Ang, S. D., Chen, Y.-J., Lopez, R., Yekhanin, S., Makarychev, K., Racz, M. Z., Kamath, G., Gopalan, P., Nguyen, B., et al. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4079 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Self-citationRobust Chemical Preservation of Digital Information on DNA in Silica with Error-Correcting Codes
Grass, R. N., Heckel, R., Puddu, M., Paunescu, D., & Stark, W. J. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201411378 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Self-citationThe half-life of DNA in bone: measuring decay kinetics in 158 dated fossils
Allentoft, M. E., Collins, M., Harker, D., Haile, J., Oskam, C. L., Hale, M. L., Campos, P. F., Samaniego, J. A., Gilbert, M. T. P., Willerslev, E., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1745 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
A mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos
Meyer, M., Fu, Q., Aximu-Petri, A., Glocke, I., Nickel, B., Arsuaga, J.-L., Martínez, I., Gracia, A., de Castro, J. M. B., Carbonell, E., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12788 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
A Rewritable, Random-Access DNA-Based Storage System
Tabatabaei Yazdi, S. M. H., Yuan, Y., Ma, J., Zhao, H., & Milenkovic, O. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14138 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research
Dahm, R. (2007) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0433-0 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
DNA condensation with polyamines
Gosule, L. C., & Schellman, J. A. (1978) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(78)90366-2 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Forward Error Correction for DNA Data Storage
Blawat, M., Gaedke, K., Hütter, I., Chen, X.-M., Turczyk, B., Inverso, S., Pruitt, B. W., & Church, G. M. (2016) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.05.398 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Information-containing macromolecules
Colquhoun, H. M., & Lutz, J. (2014) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.1958 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Encoding information into polymers
Rutten, M. G. T. A., Vaandrager, F. W., Elemans, J. A. A. W., & Nolte, R. J. M. (2018) · Nature Reviews Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41570-018-0051-5 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Baker, A. T., Saltik, M., Lehrmann, H., Killisch, I., Mautner, V., Lamm, G. M., Christofori, G., & Cotten, M. L. (1997) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300471 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Chain and conformation stability of solid-state DNA: implications for room temperature storage
Bonnet, J., Colotte, M., Coudy, D., Couallier, V., Portier, J., Morin, B., & Tuffet, S. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp1060 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Paunescu, D., Puddu, M., Soellner, J. O. B., Stoessel, P. R., & Grass, R. N. (2013) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.154 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationPuddu, M., Păunescu, D., Stark, W. J., & Grass, R. N. (2014) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn4063853 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationDavis, J. R. (1996) · Art Journal · doi:10.1080/00043249.1996.10791743 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
How DNA could store all the world’s data
Extance, A. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/537022a · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Paunescu, D., Fuhrer, R., & Grass, R. N. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201208135 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationAinalem, M.-L., & Nylander, T. (2011) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c0sm01171a · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Green Technologies for Room Temperature Nucleic Acid Storage
Wan, E., Akana, M., Pons, J., Chen, J., Musone, S. L., Kwok, P., & Liao, W. J. (2010) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.21775/cimb.012.135 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Assessment of DNA Encapsulation, a New Room-Temperature DNA Storage Method
Clermont, D., Santoni, S., Saker, S., Gomard, M., Gardais, E., & Bizet, C. (2014) · Biopreservation and Biobanking · doi:10.1089/bio.2013.0082 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Grass, R. N., Athanassiou, E. K., & Stark, W. J. (2007) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.200700613 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, H., Li, C., Wei, C., Li, M., Li, X., Deng, Z., & Fan, G. (2015) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/c5ay01306b · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Grass, R. N., Schälchli, J., Păunescu, D., Soellner, J. O. B., Kaegi, R., & Stark, W. J. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/ez5003506 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationLabeling Milk along Its Production Chain with DNA Encapsulated in Silica
Bloch, M. S., Păunescu, D., Stoessel, P. R., Mora, C. A., Stark, W. J., & Grass, R. N. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf503413f · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationFontana, R. E., Decad, G. M., & Hetzler, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.4906208 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mora, C. A., Schärer, H., Oberhänsli, T., Ludwig, M., Stettler, R. D., Stoessel, P. R., Grass, R. N., & Stark, W. J. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00312 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA‐Based Sensor Particles Enable Measuring Light Intensity in Single Cells
Mikutis, G., Mora, C. A., Puddu, M., Păunescu, D., Grass, R. N., & Stark, W. J. (2016) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201504892 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sol–Gel‐Based Advanced Porous Silica Materials for Biomedical Applications
Lei, Q., Guo, J., Noureddine, A., Wang, A., Wuttke, S., Brinker, C. J., & Zhu, W. (2020) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201909539 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects
Doricchi, A., Platnich, C. M., Gimpel, A., Horn, F., Earle, M., Lanzavecchia, G., Cortajarena, A. L., Liz-Marzán, L. M., Liu, N., Heckel, R., et al. (2022) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c06748 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA stability: a central design consideration for DNA data storage systems
Matange, K. R., Tuck, J. M., & Keung, A. J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21587-5 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Random access DNA memory using Boolean search in an archival file storage system
Banal, J. L., Shepherd, T. R., Berleant, J., Huang, H., Reyes, M., Ackerman, C. M., Blainey, P. C., & Bathe, M. (2021) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-021-01021-3 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Biomimetic Metallic Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications, Catalysis, and Beyond
Yaraki, M. T., Nasab, S. Z., Zare, I., Dahri, M., Sadeghi, M. M., Koohi, M., & Tan, Y. N. (2022) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00285 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Laha, S. S., Thorat, N. D., Singh, G., Sathish, C., Yi, J., Dixit, A., & Vinu, A. (2021) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202104855 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Robust data storage in DNA by de Bruijn graph-based de novo strand assembly
Song, L., Geng, F., Gong, Z.-Y., Chen, X., Tang, J., Gong, C., Zhou, L., Xia, R., Han, M., Xu, J.-Y., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33046-w · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Hao, Y., Li, Q., Fan, C., & Wang, F. (2021) · Small Structures · doi:10.1002/sstr.202000046 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Scaling DNA data storage with nanoscale electrode wells
Nguyen, B. H., Takahashi, C. N., Gupta, G., Smith, J. A., Rouse, R., Berndt, P., Yekhanin, S., Ward, D. P., Ang, S. D., Garvan, P., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi6714 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-throughput DNA synthesis for data storage
Yu, M., Tang, X., Li, Z., Wang, W., Wang, S., Li, M., Yu, Q., Xie, S., Zuo, X., & Chen, C. Q. (2024) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d3cs00469d · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Wang, S., Mao, X., Wang, F., Zuo, X., & Fan, C. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202307499 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Bioinspired Cell Silicification: From Extracellular to Intracellular
Lei, Q., Guo, J., Kong, F., Cao, J., Wang, L., Zhu, W., & Brinker, C. J. (2021) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c00814 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Song, L.-F., Deng, Z.-H., Gong, Z.-Y., Li, L.-L., & Li, B.-Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.689797 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mao, C., Wang, S., Li, J., Feng, Z., Zhang, T., Wang, R., Fan, C., & Jiang, X. (2023) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c11241 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Designing Uncorrelated Address Constrain for DNA Storage by DMVO Algorithm
Cao, B., Ii, X., Zhang, X., Wang, B., Zhang, Q., & Wei, X. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1109/tcbb.2020.3011582 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
An Empirical Comparison of Preservation Methods for Synthetic DNA Data Storage
Organick, L., Nguyen, B. H., McAmis, R., Chen, W. D., Kohll, A. X., Ang, S. D., Grass, R. N., Ceze, L., & Strauss, K. (2021) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202001094 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationUncertainties in synthetic DNA-based data storage
Xu, C., Zhao, C., Ma, B., & Liu, H. (2021) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkab230 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Stabilizing synthetic DNA for long-term data storage with earth alkaline salts
Kohll, A. X., Antkowiak, P. L., Chen, W. D., Nguyen, B. H., Stark, W. J., Ceze, L., Strauss, K., & Grass, R. N. (2020) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d0cc00222d · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA
Antkowiak, P. L., Koch, J., Nguyen, B. H., Stark, W. J., Strauss, K., Ceze, L., & Grass, R. N. (2022) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202107381 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationChaabane, L., Chahdoura, H., Mehdaoui, R., Snoussi, M., Beyou, E., Lahcini, M., & Baouab, M. H. V. (2020) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116707 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Minimum Free Energy Coding for DNA Storage
Cao, B., Zhang, X., Wu, J., Wang, B., Zhang, Q., & Wei, X. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience · doi:10.1109/tnb.2021.3056351 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Fei, Z., Gupta, N., Li, M., Xiao, P., & Hu, X. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg9933 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sosa‐Acosta, J. R., Iriarte‐Mesa, C., Ortega, G. A., & Díaz, A. (2020) · Topics in Current Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s41061-019-0277-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Novel Modalities in DNA Data Storage
Lim, C. K., Nirantar, S., Yew, W. S., & Poh, C. L. (2021) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.12.008 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
An outlook on the current challenges and opportunities in DNA data storage
Raza, M. H., Desai, S. S., Aravamudhan, S., & Zadegan, R. M. (2023) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108155 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Long term conservation of DNA at ambient temperature. Implications for DNA data storage
Coudy, D., Colotte, M., Luis, A., Tuffet, S., & Bonnet, J. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259868 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Other procedures use encapsulation in sol-gel-based silica [17,18] or in silica nanoparticles [19,20], inclusion in salts [21] or layered double hybrids [22], dissolution in deep eutectic solvents [23] or ionic liquids [24].”
MethodLong-term whole blood DNA preservation by cost-efficient cryosilicification
Zhou, L., Lei, Q., Guo, J., Gao, Y., Shi, J., Yu, H., Yin, W., Cao, J., Xiao, B., Andreo, J., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33759-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
GCNSA: DNA storage encoding with a graph convolutional network and self-attention
Cao, B., Wang, B., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106231 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Preservation of DNA for Data Storage
Tan, X., Ge, L., Zhang, T., & Lu, Z. (2021) · Russian Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1070/rcr4994 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Design considerations for advancing data storage with synthetic DNA for long-term archiving
Ezekannagha, C., Becker, A., Heider, D., & Hattab, G. (2022) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100306 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
How close are we to storing data in DNA?
Gervásio, J. H. D. B., Oliveira, H. D. C., Costa-Martins, A. G., Pesquero, J. B., Verona, B. M., & Cerize, N. N. P. (2023) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.08.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
K-Means Multi-Verse Optimizer (KMVO) Algorithm to Construct DNA Storage Codes
Cao, B., Zhao, S., Li, X., & Wang, B. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2970838 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Preservation and Encryption in DNA Digital Data Storage
Zhang, Y., Ren, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, F., Zhang, H., & Liu, K. (2022) · ChemPlusChem · doi:10.1002/cplu.202200183 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tan, X., Sheng, R., Liu, Z., Li, W., Yuan, R., Tao, Y., Yang, N., & Ge, L. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202305325 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Anhydrous calcium phosphate crystals stabilize DNA for dry storage
Antkowiak, P. L., Koch, J., Rzepka, P., Nguyen, B. H., Strauß, K., Stark, W. J., & Grass, R. N. (2022) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d2cc00414c · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationAll-Atom Simulation Method for Zeeman Alignment and Dipolar Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Mahmood, A. U., & Yingling, Y. G. (2022) · Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation · doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01253 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Recent Progress in High-Throughput Enzymatic DNA Synthesis for Data Storage
Baek, D. J., Joe, S.-Y., Shin, H., Park, C., Jo, S., & Chun, H. (2024) · BioChip Journal · doi:10.1007/s13206-024-00146-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lau, B. T., Chandak, S., Roy, S., Tatwawadi, K., Wootters, M. K., Weissman, T., & Ji, H. P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29575-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
CRISPR-powered quantitative keyword search engine in DNA data storage
Zhang, J., Hou, C., & Liu, C. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46767-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Buko, T., Tuczko, N., & Ishikawa, T. (2023) · BioTech · doi:10.3390/biotech12020044 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hidden Addressing Encoding for DNA Storage
Wang, P., Mu, Z., Sun, L., Si, S., & Wang, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.916615 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Recent progress in DNA data storage based on high-throughput DNA synthesis
Jo, S., Shin, H., Joe, S.-Y., Baek, D. J., Park, C., & Chun, H. (2024) · Biomedical Engineering Letters · doi:10.1007/s13534-024-00386-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mini review: Enzyme-based DNA synthesis and selective retrieval for data storage
Yoo, E., Choe, D., Shin, J., Cho, S., & Cho, B. (2021) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.057 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Engineered Spore-Forming Bacillus as a Microbial Vessel for Long-Term DNA Data Storage
Liu, F., Li, J., Zhang, T., Chen, J., & Ho, C. L. (2022) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.2c00291 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
DNA storage: The future direction for medical cold data storage
Shen, P., Zheng, Y., Zhang, C., Li, S., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., & Cai, Z. (2025) · Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.synbio.2025.03.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., Qian, L., Qi, H., Li, Y., & Song, D. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw2613 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Scalable Nucleic Acid Storage and Retrieval Using Barcoded Microcapsules
Banal, J. L., & Bathe, M. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c14985 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Reversible Nucleic Acid Storage in Deconstructable Glassy Polymer Networks
Prince, E., Cheng, H. F., Banal, J. L., & Johnson, J. A. (2024) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.4c01925 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Multiplexed Random Access Approach to DNA Microspheres for High‐Capacity Data Storage
Zhong, W., Wang, S., Geng, C., Zheng, Y., Bai, S., Cao, X., Liu, K., Yang, Y., Lü, C., & Jiang, X. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202408852 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Synthetic Polymers with Finely Regulated Monomer Sequences: Properties and Emerging Applications
Laurent, E., Szweda, R., & Lutz, J. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527815562.mme0041 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
DNA data storage in electrospun and melt-electrowritten composite nucleic acid-polymer fibers
Soukarié, D., Nocete, L., Bittner, A. M., & Santiago, I. (2023) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100900 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sustainable DNA Data Storage on Cellulose Paper
Liu, Q., Wei, Y., Wang, Z., Song, D., Cui, J., & Qi, H. (2023) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202201610 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Leveraging the versatile properties of bacterial spores in materials
Kummetha, L. R., Oh, J., van der Linden, F. H., & Aubin‐Tam, M. (2024) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.09.018 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Luo, H., Huang, W. L., He, Z., Fang, Y., Tian, Y., & Xiong, Z. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202415358 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Current Advances of Hollow Capsules as Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
Tran, H. Q., Bhave, M. R., & Yu, A. (2020) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.201904598 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Emerging preservation materials for long-term DNA-based data storage
Huang, Q., Duan, J., Xi, M., Fei, S., Xie, S., Hu, C., Chen, C. Q., & Deng, Z. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.161245 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gao, Y., Chen, G., Ma, B., Wang, Y., Wei, Y., Qian, Y., Kong, Z., Hu, Y., Ding, X., Ping, Z., et al. (2024) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2024.116403 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Liquid crystal–guided DNA information storage: Nondestructive recovery and long-term preservation
Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Miao, L., Zhu, H., Ren, Y., Zhao, K., Wan, S., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Lü, C., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu3957 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Shen, P., Qu, X., Ge, Q., Huang, T., Sun, Q., & Lu, Z. (2023) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.3c00221 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A Compendium of Magnetic Nanoparticle Essentials: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners and Experts
Amorim, C. O. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17010137 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Preserving DNA in Biodegradable Organosilica Encapsulates
Koch, J., Kerl, A.-C., Schawalder, N., Luescher, A. M., Nguyen, B. H., Strauß, K., Stark, W. J., & Grass, R. N. (2022) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01167 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationLiang, K., Zhou, L., Lei, Q., Ruan, T., Zhang, M., Guo, J., Brinker, C. J., & Zhu, W. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2408273121 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A compact cassette tape for DNA-based data storage
Li, J., Mao, C., Wang, S., Li, X., Luo, X., Wang, D., Zheng, S., Shao, J., Wang, R., Fan, C., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ady3406 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Current and emerging opportunities in biological medium‐based computing and digital data storage
Bennet, D., Vo‐Dinh, T., & Zenhausern, F. (2021) · Nano Select · doi:10.1002/nano.202100275 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Magnetic Microsphere/Silica Nanoparticle Composite Structures for Switchable DNA Storage
Ma, J., Wang, K., Ma, M., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.2c03686 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Biotechnological tools boost the functional diversity of DNA-based data storage systems
Xu, X., Wang, W., & Ping, Z. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.02.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Aliev, T. A., Timralieva, A. A., Kurakina, T. A., Кацуба, К. Е., Egorycheva, Y. A., Dubovichenko, M. V., Kutyrev, M. A., Shilovskikh, V. V., Orekhov, N., Kondratyuk, N., et al. (2022) · Nano Select · doi:10.1002/nano.202200092 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Polymerase Elongation onto Patterned DNA for Random Accessed DNA Data Storage
Kang, T., Lim, D., Lee, W. J., & Song, Y. (2025) · BioChip Journal · doi:10.1007/s13206-025-00214-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Combinatorial constraint coding based on the EORS algorithm in DNA storage
Xiaoru, L., & Ling, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255376 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Layer-by-Layer Assembly of CeO2 Nanoparticle/Bovine Serum Albumin Films for Bone Regeneration
Yang, S., Li, H., & Gao, Z. (2023) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.3c02491 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., Li, X., Qi, H., Li, Y., & Song, D. (2025) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202501720 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pei, B., Ma, J., Ouyang, L., & Xiong, Z. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c21723 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tan, X., Sheng, R., & Ge, L. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.161208 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
DNA Sequencing Flow Cells and the Security of the Molecular-Digital Interface
Ney, P., Organick, L., Nivala, J., Ceze, L., & Kohno, T. (2021) · Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies · doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0054 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLuo, B., Gao, S., Wu, M., Dong, X. W., Deng, X., & Hu, H. (2025) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-025-00915-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Low-cost and automated magnetic bead-based DNA data writing via digital microfluidics
Bao, M., Herdendorf, B., Mendonsa, G., Chari, S., & Reddy, A. (2025) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d5lc00106d · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yilmaz‐Aykut, D., & Deligöz, H. (2023) · Polymer Engineering and Science · doi:10.1002/pen.26472 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Direct Transposition Interleaving Technique for DNA Data Storage
Li, Z., Bi, K., & Zhao, X. (2023) · International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Applications (ICBEA) · doi:10.1109/icbea58866.2023.00018 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gao, Y., Ma, B., Chen, G., Xu, C., Kong, Z., Chen, Y., Chao, Z., Chen, D., Yu, W., & Liu, H. (2025) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2025.102145 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
From deep archival to real-time applications: Challenges and opportunities in DNA data storage
Liu, Q., Liu, Q.-J., Kang, S., Li, J., Xia, H., & Qi, H. (2026) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2026.108833 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wu, X., Zhang, W., Wang, W., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ac8998 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fei, Z., Li, M., Cheng, C., Tan, G., & Xiao, P. (2022) · Nano Select · doi:10.1002/nano.202200168 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
RetractedInfo-Convergence Ceramic Nanosystems
Jin, W., & Park, D.-H. (2019) · Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society · doi:10.4191/kcers.2019.56.5.01 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Image Storage in DNA by an Extensible Quaternary Codec System
Pang, R., Dong, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15094760 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Investigating enhanced stability in CTAB(C)-compacted DNA under aging conditions for data storage
Tandon, A., Nam, Y., Seo, S., & Park, S. H. (2025) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/1361-648x/addbb7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Data storage and retrieval with unnatural proteins expressed via E. coli
Zhou, Y., Ng, C. C. A., Liu, C., Tam, W. M., Lau, F. C. M., & Yao, Z. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-70061-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Ran, X., Jiang, M., Lin, G., Li, K., & Song, Y. (2026) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.70651 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Condensed DNA Nanosphere for DNA Origami Cryptography
Gao, R., Cai, Z., Wang, J., & Liu, H. (2023) · Chemistry · doi:10.3390/chemistry5040159 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Overview of DNA ‐Based Digital Data Storage
Song, X., Shah, S., & Reif, J. H. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527825424.ch18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Robust retrieval of data stored in DNA by de Bruijn graph-based de novo strand assemblyPreprint
Song, L., Geng, F., Gong, Z.-Y., Chen, X.-M., Tang, J., Gong, C., Zhou, L., Xia, R., Han, M., Xu, J., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.20.423642 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Superior “Thumb” Drive: Optimizing DNA Stability for DNA Data StoragePreprint
Liu, J.-Y. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540302 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lahiri, B. B., Ranoo, S., Khan, F., & Philip, J. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119754725.ch12
Archiver les mégadonnées numériques à l’échelle moléculaire
Képès, F. (2021) · Reflets de la physique · doi:10.1051/refdp/202170032
Long Term Conservation of DNA at Ambient Temperature. Implications for DNA Data Storage
Coudy, D., Colotte, M., Luis, A., Tuffet, S., & Bonnet, J. (2022) · Applied Cell Biology · doi:10.53043/2320-1991.acb90017
Abdelrady, A., Tang, Y., Bogaard, T. A., & Foppen, J. W. (2024) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105316
Multi-strategy Collaborative Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer for DNA Coding Design
Ye, C., Zhang, S., & Shao, P. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5692-6_24
Ye, J., Liu, A., Wang, F., Zhang, H., Zhang, H., & Fan, C. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.17.700124
liu, Z., Zhang, Z., Xu, F., Chen, K., & Pan, L. (2026) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ae5dd6
Propelling DNA-Based Archival Storage With an Algorithmic Mindset
Yang, Y., Wei, W., & Mou, M. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Molecular Biological and Multi-Scale Communications · doi:10.1109/tmbmc.2026.3694522
Luo, H., Gao, J., Huang, X. F., Fang, Y., Huang, T., Xia, Y., Yu, Z., Cao, C., & Xiong, Z. (2026) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.73806
- Authors
- Chen, W. D., Kohll, A. X., Nguyen, B. H., Koch, J., Heckel, R., Stark, W. J., Ceze, L., Strauss, K., & Grass, R. N.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Microsoft (United States) (US)
- Rice University (US)
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering University of Washington 185 E Stevens Way NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Corresponding author
- Grass, Robert N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Advanced Functional Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-05-10
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 28
- ISSN
- 1616-301X (ISSN-L)
- 1616-3028
- OpenAlex
- W2944518389
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Functional Materials (publishedVersion)
- mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Biological Computing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- DNA data storage, magnetic nanoparticles, layer-by-layer assembly, polyethyleneimine, silica coating, DNA encapsulation, DNA stability, accelerated aging, storage density
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
