Cited by 204Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

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‘Exercise snacks’ before meals: a novel strategy to improve glycaemic control in individuals with insulin resistance

Francois, Monique E., Baldi, James C., Manning, Patrick J., Lucas, Samuel J. E., Hawley, John A., Williams, Michael J. A., Cotter, James D.·2014·Diabetologia

DOI 10.1007/s00125-014-3244-6

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Abstract

Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to investigate whether small doses of intense exercise before each main meal ('exercise snacks') would result in better blood glucose control than a single bout of prolonged, continuous, moderate-intensity exercise in individuals with insulin resistance.Methods Nine individuals completed three exercise interventions in randomised order. Measures were recorded across 3 days with exercise performed on the middle day, as either: (1) traditional continuous exercise (CONT), comprising 30 min moderate-intensity (60% of maximal heart rate [HRmax]) incline walking before dinner; (2) exercise snacking (ES), consisting of 6 × 1 min intense (90% HRmax) incline walking intervals 30 min before each meal; or (3) composite exercise snacking (CES), encompassing 6 × 1 min intervals alternating between walking and resistance-based exercise, 30 min before meals. Meal timing and composition were controlled within participants for exercise interventions.Results ES attenuated mean 3 h postprandial glucose concentration following breakfast (by 1.4 ± 1.5 mmol/l, p = 0.02) but not lunch (0.4 ± 1.0 mmol/l, p = 0.22), and was more effective than CONT following dinner (0.7 ± 1.5 mmol/l below CONT; p = 0.04). ES also reduced 24 h mean glucose concentration by 0.7 ± 0.6 mmol/l (p = 0.01) and this reduction persisted for the subsequent 24 h (lower by 0.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l vs CONT, relative to their baselines; p = 0.01). CES was just as effective as ES (p > 0.05 for all glycaemic variables) at improving glycaemic control.Conclusions/interpretation Dosing exercise as brief, intense 'exercise snacks' before main meals is a time-efficient and effective approach to improve glycaemic control in individuals with insulin resistance.

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Authors: Francois, M. E., Baldi, J. C., Manning, P. J., Lucas, S. J. E., Hawley, J. A., Williams, M. J. A., & Cotter, J. D.
Affiliations: University of Otago (NZ)
University of Birmingham (GB)
Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
Corresponding author: Cotter, James D.
ORCID: Baldi, James C.
Manning, Patrick J.
Lucas, Samuel J. E.
Hawley, John A.
Williams, Michael J. A.
Cotter, James D.
Venue: Diabetologia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-05-10
Volume: 57
Issue: 7
Pages: 1437-1445
ISSN: 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
1432-0428
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3244-6
OpenAlex: W2140601370
Cited by: 204
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 11.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: exercise snacks, insulin resistance, glycemic control, postprandial blood glucose, high-intensity interval exercise, resistance training, meal timing, blood glucose
MeSH terms: Adult, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Exercise, Cross-Over Studies, Meals

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‘Exercise snacks’ before meals: a novel strategy to improve glycaemic control in individuals with insulin resistance

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