Bimatoprost for Eyelash Growth in Japanese Subjects: Two Multicenter Controlled Studies
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Bimatoprost 0.03% has enhanced eyelash prominence in clinical trials enrolling mostly Caucasian subjects. The studies described in this report evaluated the efficacy and safety of bimatoprost in Japanese subjects with idiopathic and chemotherapy-induced eyelash hypotrichosis. METHODS: In two multicenter, double-masked, randomized, parallel-group studies (study 1: n=173 [idiopathic]; study 2: n=36 [chemotherapy-induced]), subjects received bimatoprost 0.03% or vehicle applied once daily to the upper eyelid margins. The primary efficacy measure was eyelash prominence measured by Global Eyelash Assessment (GEA) scores. Additional measures were eyelash length, thickness, and darkness, assessed by digital image analysis, and patient satisfaction (Eyelash Satisfaction Questionnaire-9). Safety assessments included adverse-event monitoring and ophthalmic examinations. RESULTS: Significantly more bimatoprost-treated subjects had at least a one-grade improvement in GEA score from baseline to month 4 compared with vehicle in study 1 (77.3 vs 17.6%; P<0.001) and study 2 (88.9 vs 27.8%; P<0.001). Bimatoprost-treated subjects had significantly greater increases in eyelash length, thickness, and darkness at the primary time point (month 4 in both studies; all P<0.001, study 1; P≤0.04, study 2). The bimatoprost group showed greater subject satisfaction in both studies. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the two groups. Ophthalmic examination showed slightly greater mean reductions in intraocular pressure (IOP) with bimatoprost than with vehicle, and the reductions were within the normal range for daily IOP fluctuations. CONCLUSION: Bimatoprost 0.03% was shown to be effective and safe in these studies of Japanese subjects with eyelash hypotrichosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Bimatoprost 0.03 % applied nightly to the upper eyelid margins improved eyelash prominence, length, thickness, and darkness versus vehicle in Japanese subjects with idiopathic or chemotherapy-induced eyelash hypotrichosis. The safety profile was similar between groups, with small IOP reductions within normal daily fluctuation ranges.
Key findings
- At month 4, significantly more bimatoprost-treated subjects had at least a one-grade GEA improvement versus vehicle in study 1 (77.3 vs 17.6 %; P < 0.001) and study 2 (88.9 vs 27.8 %; P < 0.001).
- In study 1, bimatoprost produced mean improvements from baseline to month 4 of 1.62 mm (24 %) in upper eyelash length, 0.35 mm² (44.8 %) in thickness, and −12.02 intensity units (8 %) in darkness; vehicle parameters were essentially unchanged.
- In study 2, month 4 improvements favored bimatoprost for eyelash length (2.65 vs 0.99 mm; P = 0.003), thickness (0.76 vs 0.28 mm²; P = 0.007), and darkness (−21.07 vs −4.60 intensity units; P = 0.040).
- Adverse-event incidence was similar between groups in study 1 (41.4 vs 37.6 %; P = 0.643) and study 2 (66.7 vs 72.2 %; P > 0.999); ophthalmic exams showed small mean IOP reductions with bimatoprost that were within normal daily IOP fluctuation ranges.
Methods
- Two multicenter, double-masked, randomized, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled studies of 5 months’ duration in Japan: study 1 enrolled 173 subjects with idiopathic eyelash hypotrichosis at eight centers; study 2 enrolled 36 subjects with chemotherapy-induced eyelash hypotrichosis at nine centers.
- Subjects were ≥20 years old with GEA score 1 or 2, best-corrected visual acuity 20/100 or better per eye, and IOP ≤20 mmHg per eye; they applied bimatoprost 0.03 % or vehicle once nightly to upper eyelid margins for 4 months.
- Primary efficacy analysis was intent-to-treat, with clinical response defined as ≥1-grade GEA improvement from baseline at month 4; between-group comparisons used Pearson’s Chi square or Fisher’s exact test, secondary DIA and ESQ-9 measures used Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and missing efficacy data were imputed by last-observation-carried-forward up to month 4.
Limitations
- The paper states that a limitation was the relatively short duration of the studies.
- The paper states that study 2 was primarily a safety study, was not powered for efficacy, and enrolled a much smaller cohort.
- Evident from the text: study 2 had only 36 subjects and all were women; study 1 was 89.6 % women, and both studies were limited to Japanese subjects, so generalizability to other populations or longer-term outcomes is not established by these data.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
5 of 27 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Bimatoprost 0.03% has enhanced eyelash prominence in clinical trials enrolling mostly Caucasian subjects.
“Bimatoprost 0.03 % has enhanced eyelash prominence in clinical trials enrolling mostly Caucasian subjects.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
“Bimatoprost 0.03 % solution has been shown in several clinical trials to enhance eyelash growth when applied topically to the upper eyelid margins [15–18].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [15] Smith S, Fagien S, Whitcup SM, Ledon F, Somogyi C, Weng E, Beddingfield FC III (2012) Eyelash growth in subjects treated with bimatoprost: a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, parallel-group study. J Am Acad Dermatol 66:801–806 source
- cites [16] Wester ST, Lee WW, Shi W (2010) Eyelash growth from application of bimatoprost in gel suspension to the base of the eyelashes. Ophthalmology 117:1024–1031 source
The Methods describe a randomized trial using bimatoprost 0.03% in a gel suspension, and the Results report significantly greater eyelash lengthening than with control gel. The Results identify the 19 participants as female but do not report their race or ethnicity, so the claim that subjects were mostly Caucasian is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [17] Woodward JA, Haggerty CJ, Stinnett SS, Williams ZY (2010) Bimatoprost 0.03 % gel for cosmetic eyelash growth and enhancement. J Cosmet Dermatol 9:96–102 source
- cites [18] Yoelin S, Walt JG, Earl M (2010) Safety, effectiveness, and subjective experience with topical bimatoprost 0.03 % for eyelash growth. Dermatol Surg 36:638–649 source
- Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
- Premisecitation
The total dose of bimatoprost applied to the eyelid margins for eyelash hypotrichosis was approximately 5% of the dose compared with an eyedrop.
“Although the same 0.03 % drug concentration was used for treatment of hypotrichosis of the eyelashes, the total dose applied to the eyelid margins was only approximately 5 % of the dose compared with an eyedrop [21].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Fagien S (2010) Management of hypotrichosis of the eyelashes: focus on bimatoprost. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 3:39–48 source
- Premisecitation
The long-term safety of bimatoprost 0.03% for glaucoma and ocular hypertension has been established.
“As noted earlier, the long-term safety of bimatoprost 0.03 % for glaucoma and ocular hypertension has been established.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Williams RD, Cohen JS, Gross RL, Liu CC, Safyan E, Batoosingh AL (2008) Long-term efficacy and safety of bimatoprost for intraocular pressure lowering in glaucoma and ocular hypertension: year 4. Br J Ophthalmol 92:1387–1392 source
- cites [20] Wirta D, VanDenburgh AM, Weng E, Whitcup SM, Kurstjens S, Beddingfield FC III (2011) Long-term safety evaluation of bimatoprost ophthalmic solution 0.03 %: A pooled analysis of six double-masked, randomized, active-controlled clinical trials. Clin Ophthalmol 5:759–765 source
- Findingown data
In study 1, at month 4, in the bimatoprost group, improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 domain 1 were positively and significantly correlated with improvements in GEA score (ρ = 0.451; P < 0.001).
“At month 4, for the bimatoprost group, the improvements from baseline in subject satisfaction with eyelashes, as measured by question 3 (ρ = 0.381), domain 1 (ρ = 0.451), and domain 2 (ρ = 0.409), were positively and significantly correlated with improvements from baseline in eyelash prominence, as measured by GEA score (all P < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy findings of a one-grade increase from baseline were observed more frequently in the bimatoprost group, reflecting higher rates of conjunctival hyperemia (9.2 vs 0%; P = 0.007).
“Biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy findings of a one-grade increase from baseline were observed more frequently in the bimatoprost group and reflected higher rates of conjunctival hyperemia (9.2 vs 0 %; P = 0.007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
In study 1, at month 4, in the bimatoprost group, improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 domain 2 were positively and significantly correlated with improvements in GEA score (ρ = 0.409; P < 0.001).
“At month 4, for the bimatoprost group, the improvements from baseline in subject satisfaction with eyelashes, as measured by question 3 (ρ = 0.381), domain 1 (ρ = 0.451), and domain 2 (ρ = 0.409), were positively and significantly correlated with improvements from baseline in eyelash prominence, as measured by GEA score (all P < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy findings did not differ between the treatment groups.
“The biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy findings did not differ between the treatment groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, bimatoprost-treated subjects had significantly greater mean increase from baseline to month 4 in upper eyelash thickness than vehicle (0.76 vs 0.28 mm2; P = 0.007).
“In study 2, improvements in these parameters with bimatoprost compared with vehicle were statistically significant at month 4 (mean change from baseline in eyelash length [2.65 vs 0.99 mm; P = 0.003], eyelash thickness [0.76 vs 0.28 mm2; P = 0.007], and eyelash darkness [−21.07 vs −4.60 intensity units; P = 0.040).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, the overall incidence of adverse events during the entire study was similar in the bimatoprost and vehicle groups (41.4 vs 37.6%; P = 0.643).
“In study 1, the overall incidence of AEs during the entire study was similar in the bimatoprost and vehicle groups (41.4 vs 37.6 %; P = 0.643).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, the statistically significant between-group difference in eyelash prominence at month 4 was maintained at the month 5 posttreatment assessment (83.3 vs 27.8%; P < 0.001).
“Although study 2 was not powered for efficacy, the statistically significant between-group difference in eyelash prominence achieved at the month 4 primary time point was maintained at the month 5 posttreatment assessment (83.3 vs 27.8 %; P < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, the bimatoprost group had significantly greater improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 domain 1 satisfaction scores than vehicle at multiple time points (P ≤ 0.017).
“In study 2, compared with the vehicle group, the bimatoprost group also had significantly greater improvements from baseline in satisfaction scores at multiple time points in domains 1 (P ≤ 0.017) and 2 (P = 0.019) and in the individual questions comprising these domains (P ≤ 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, no two-grade increases in biomicroscopy or ophthalmoscopy findings were found.
“No two-grade increases were found.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, at month 4, in the bimatoprost group, improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 question 3 were positively and significantly correlated with improvements in GEA score (ρ = 0.381; P < 0.001).
“At month 4, for the bimatoprost group, the improvements from baseline in subject satisfaction with eyelashes, as measured by question 3 (ρ = 0.381), domain 1 (ρ = 0.451), and domain 2 (ρ = 0.409), were positively and significantly correlated with improvements from baseline in eyelash prominence, as measured by GEA score (all P < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, the bimatoprost group had a statistically significantly greater reduction in intraocular pressure from baseline than the vehicle group at month 1 only (−2.21 vs −0.68 mmHg; P = 0.007).
“In study 2, the bimatoprost group had a statistically significantly greater reduction in IOP from baseline than the vehicle group at the month 1 time point only (−2.21 vs −0.68 mmHg; P = 0.007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, none of the common adverse events occurred at a significantly higher rate in the bimatoprost group than in the vehicle group.
“None occurred at a significantly higher rate than in the vehicle group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, at month 4, changes in intraocular pressure did not differ significantly between the treatment groups (−1.50 vs −0.38 mmHg; P = 0.152).
“These changes in IOP were not considered clinically meaningful and, at month 4, the changes in IOP did not differ significantly between the treatment groups (−1.50 vs −0.38 mmHg; P = 0.152).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, bimatoprost-treated subjects had significantly greater mean decrease (darkening) from baseline to month 4 in upper eyelash darkness than vehicle (−21.07 vs −4.60 intensity units; P = 0.040).
“In study 2, improvements in these parameters with bimatoprost compared with vehicle were statistically significant at month 4 (mean change from baseline in eyelash length [2.65 vs 0.99 mm; P = 0.003], eyelash thickness [0.76 vs 0.28 mm2; P = 0.007], and eyelash darkness [−21.07 vs −4.60 intensity units; P = 0.040).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, in the bimatoprost group, improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 domain 2 were significantly correlated with improvements in GEA score (ρ = 0.538; P = 0.021).
“Again, in the bimatoprost group, subject satisfaction with eyelashes, as measured by question 3 (ρ = 0.641; P = 0.004), domain 1 (ρ = 0.516; P = 0.028), and domain 2 (ρ = 0.538; P = 0.021) in ESQ-9, were significantly correlated with improvements in eyelash prominence measured by the GEA score.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, significantly more bimatoprost-treated subjects had at least a one-grade improvement in GEA score from baseline to month 4 compared with vehicle (88.9 vs 27.8%; P < 0.001).
“Significantly more bimatoprost-treated subjects had at least a one-grade improvement in GEA score from baseline to month 4 compared with vehicle in study 1 (77.3 vs 17.6 %; P < 0.001) and study 2 (88.9 vs 27.8 %; P < 0.001).”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy: GEA Scores · plain
“The proportion of subjects who responded to treatment with at least a one-grade improvement in GEA score from baseline to month 4 was significantly greater with bimatoprost than with vehicle in both study 1 (77.3 vs 17.6 %; P < 0.001) and study 2 (88.9 vs 27.8 %; P < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Efficacy: GEA Scores · plain
- Findingown data
In study 1, none of the adverse events reported as moderate or severe was considered by the investigator to be associated with the study treatment.
“None of the AEs reported as moderate or severe was considered by the investigator to be associated with the study treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, each of the common adverse events was reported as mild in severity.
“Each of these common AEs was reported as mild in severity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, in the bimatoprost group, improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 question 3 were significantly correlated with improvements in GEA score (ρ = 0.641; P = 0.004).
“Again, in the bimatoprost group, subject satisfaction with eyelashes, as measured by question 3 (ρ = 0.641; P = 0.004), domain 1 (ρ = 0.516; P = 0.028), and domain 2 (ρ = 0.538; P = 0.021) in ESQ-9, were significantly correlated with improvements in eyelash prominence measured by the GEA score.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, bimatoprost-treated subjects had significantly greater mean increase from baseline to month 4 in upper eyelash length than vehicle (2.65 vs 0.99 mm; P = 0.003).
“In study 2, improvements in these parameters with bimatoprost compared with vehicle were statistically significant at month 4 (mean change from baseline in eyelash length [2.65 vs 0.99 mm; P = 0.003], eyelash thickness [0.76 vs 0.28 mm2; P = 0.007], and eyelash darkness [−21.07 vs −4.60 intensity units; P = 0.040).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, the bimatoprost group had significantly greater improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 domain 2 satisfaction scores than vehicle at multiple time points (P = 0.019).
“In study 2, compared with the vehicle group, the bimatoprost group also had significantly greater improvements from baseline in satisfaction scores at multiple time points in domains 1 (P ≤ 0.017) and 2 (P = 0.019) and in the individual questions comprising these domains (P ≤ 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, in the bimatoprost group, improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 domain 1 were significantly correlated with improvements in GEA score (ρ = 0.516; P = 0.028).
“Again, in the bimatoprost group, subject satisfaction with eyelashes, as measured by question 3 (ρ = 0.641; P = 0.004), domain 1 (ρ = 0.516; P = 0.028), and domain 2 (ρ = 0.538; P = 0.021) in ESQ-9, were significantly correlated with improvements in eyelash prominence measured by the GEA score.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, the bimatoprost group reported significantly greater improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 question 3 overall satisfaction than vehicle at months 2-5 (P < 0.001).
“For question 3 in domain 1 (“Overall, how satisfied are you with your eyelashes?”), the bimatoprost group reported significantly greater improvements in satisfaction scores from baseline than the vehicle group at months 2–5 (P < 0.001) (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, three subjects discontinued the study due to adverse events: dry eye and facial pain (each considered treatment related) in the bimatoprost group and dissociative disorder in the vehicle group.
“Three subjects discontinued the study due to AEs, namely, dry eye and facial pain (each considered to be treatment related) in the bimatoprost group and dissociative disorder in the vehicle group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, no significant between-group differences were observed for ESQ-9 domain 3 (DR) or its individual questions.
“No significant between-group differences were observed for domain 3 (DR) or its individual questions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, the types of adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups.
“The types of AEs did not differ significantly between the two groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, the bimatoprost group had significantly greater improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 domain 2 (CAP) satisfaction scores than vehicle at multiple time points (P ≤ 0.001).
“In study 1, the bimatoprost group had significantly greater improvements from baseline satisfaction scores in domains 1 (LFOS) and 2 (CAP) (both P ≤ 0.001) at multiple time points and in the individual questions comprising these domains than the vehicle group (P ≤ 0.028).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, significantly more bimatoprost-treated subjects had at least a one-grade improvement in GEA score from baseline to month 4 compared with vehicle (77.3 vs 17.6%; P < 0.001).
“Significantly more bimatoprost-treated subjects had at least a one-grade improvement in GEA score from baseline to month 4 compared with vehicle in study 1 (77.3 vs 17.6 %; P < 0.001) and study 2 (88.9 vs 27.8 %; P < 0.001).”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy: GEA Scores · plain
“The proportion of subjects who responded to treatment with at least a one-grade improvement in GEA score from baseline to month 4 was significantly greater with bimatoprost than with vehicle in both study 1 (77.3 vs 17.6 %; P < 0.001) and study 2 (88.9 vs 27.8 %; P < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Efficacy: GEA Scores · plain
- Findingown data
In study 1, the bimatoprost group had significantly greater improvements from baseline in ESQ-9 domain 1 (LFOS) satisfaction scores than vehicle at multiple time points (P ≤ 0.001).
“In study 1, the bimatoprost group had significantly greater improvements from baseline satisfaction scores in domains 1 (LFOS) and 2 (CAP) (both P ≤ 0.001) at multiple time points and in the individual questions comprising these domains than the vehicle group (P ≤ 0.028).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No clinically meaningful changes in vital signs, hematology, blood chemistry, or urinalysis laboratory data were observed during either study.
“No clinically meaningful changes in vital signs, hematology, blood chemistry, or urinalysis laboratory data were observed during either study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, significant correlations between ESQ-9 improvements and GEA improvements were not seen in the vehicle group.
“Significant correlations were not seen in the vehicle group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In study 2, the overall incidence of adverse events in the bimatoprost group was 66.7% compared with 72.2% in the vehicle group (P > 0.999).
“In study 2, the overall incidence of AEs in the bimatoprost group during the entire study was 66.7 % compared with 72.2 % in the vehicle group (P > 0.999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, a significantly greater proportion of bimatoprost-treated patients than vehicle-treated patients experienced at least a two-grade improvement in GEA score from baseline, starting at month 2 through month 5 (38.1 vs 1.2% at month 5; P < 0.001).
“In addition, a significantly greater proportion of patients in the bimatoprost group than in the vehicle group experienced at least a two-grade improvement in GEA score from baseline, which started at month 2 and continued through the posttreatment assessment at month 5 (38.1 vs 1.2 % at month 5; P < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In study 1, a one-grade increase in conjunctival hyperemia observed at biomicroscopy in 9.2% of bimatoprost-treated subjects was reported as an adverse event in 4.6% of cases, all rated as mild.
“At biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy in study 1, a one-grade increase in conjunctival hyperemia observed in 9.2 % of the subjects in the bimatoprost group was reported as an AE in 4.6 % of the cases (all cases rated as mild in severity).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
In study 2, the vehicle group showed greater improvement in eyelash growth than the vehicle group in the idiopathic population in study 1.
“In addition, the vehicle group showed greater improvement in eyelash growth than the vehicle group in the idiopathic population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Eyelash growth is an adverse effect of bimatoprost use in clinical trials of patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
“Eyelash growth was noted as an adverse effect of bimatoprost use in clinical trials of patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension [9, 10, 12, 13], an effect thought to arise by the interaction of bimatoprost with prostamide-sensitive receptors in hair follicles [14].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [9] Higginbotham EJ, Schuman JS, Goldberg I, Gross RL, VanDenburgh AM, Chen K, Whitcup SM (2002) One-year, randomized study comparing bimatoprost and timolol in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Arch Ophthalmol 120:1286–1293 source
- cites [10] Whitcup SM, Cantor LB, VanDenburgh AM, Chen K (2003) A randomised, double-masked, multicentre clinical trial comparing bimatoprost and timolol for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Br J Ophthalmol 87:57–62 source
- cites [12] Brandt JD, VanDenburgh AM, Chen K, Whitcup SM (2001) Comparison of once- or twice-daily bimatoprost with twice-daily timolol in patients with elevated IOP: a 3-month clinical trial. Ophthalmology 108:1023–1031 source
- cites [13] Sherwood M, Brandt J (2001) Six-month comparison of bimatoprost once-daily and twice-daily with timolol twice-daily in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Surv Ophthalmol 45(Suppl 4):S361–S368 source
- Interpretationown data
Bimatoprost produced robust and sustained eyelash improvements in Japanese subjects with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes.
“Thus, bimatoprost produced robust and sustained eyelash improvements in Japanese subjects with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
In both the Japanese study 1 and the North American cohort, improvement in eyelash prominence was maintained at the post-treatment assessment at month 5.
“In both populations, the improvement in eyelash prominence was maintained at the post-treatment assessment at month 5.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Smith S, Fagien S, Whitcup SM, Ledon F, Somogyi C, Weng E, Beddingfield FC III (2012) Eyelash growth in subjects treated with bimatoprost: a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, parallel-group study. J Am Acad Dermatol 66:801–806 source
- Interpretationcitation
In both the Japanese study and the North American cohort, GEA score improvements were significantly correlated with greater patient-reported satisfaction with eyelashes.
“Moreover, in both populations, the GEA score improvements were significantly correlated with greater patient-reported satisfaction with eyelashes, as measured with ESQ-9 in the current study and with the original 23-item ESQ in the North American study [15].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Smith S, Fagien S, Whitcup SM, Ledon F, Somogyi C, Weng E, Beddingfield FC III (2012) Eyelash growth in subjects treated with bimatoprost: a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, parallel-group study. J Am Acad Dermatol 66:801–806 source
- Interpretationown data
In study 2, the changes in intraocular pressure were not considered clinically meaningful.
“These changes in IOP were not considered clinically meaningful and, at month 4, the changes in IOP did not differ significantly between the treatment groups (−1.50 vs −0.38 mmHg; P = 0.152).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Differences exist between Asian and Caucasian individuals in the number, thickness, and curliness of eyelashes.
“However, differences have been observed between Asian and Caucasian individuals in the number, thickness, and curliness of eyelashes [19].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Na JI, Kwon OS, Kim BJ, Park WS, Oh JK, Kim KH, Cho KH, Eun HC (2006) Ethnic characteristics of eyelashes: a comparative analysis in Asian and Caucasian females. Br J Dermatol 155:1170–1176 source
- Interpretationown data
In study 2, subjects with chemotherapy-induced hypotrichosis showed greater improvements in eyelash growth later in the course of bimatoprost treatment than the idiopathic cohort in study 1.
“Study 2 enrolled subjects with chemotherapy-induced hypotrichosis of the eyelashes. These subjects showed greater improvements in eyelash growth later in the course of bimatoprost treatment than the idiopathic cohort in study 1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The observations in the vehicle-treated subjects in study 2 may reflect natural hair-growth recovery after chemotherapy.
“The observations in the vehicle-treated subjects may reflect natural hair-growth recovery after chemotherapy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A good safety profile has been demonstrated in a 1-year, phase 3 study of bimatoprost 0.03% in subjects with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes.
“Moreover, a good safety profile has been demonstrated in a 1-year, phase 3 study of bimatoprost 0.03 % in subjects with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00907426; results to be reported separately).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites NCT00907426
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
The rate of conjunctival hyperemia reported at biomicroscopy was consistent with that previously reported in a mostly Caucasian cohort from a prior study.
“The rate of conjunctival hyperemia reported at biomicroscopy was consistent with that previously reported in a mostly Caucasian cohort from a prior study [15].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Smith S, Fagien S, Whitcup SM, Ledon F, Somogyi C, Weng E, Beddingfield FC III (2012) Eyelash growth in subjects treated with bimatoprost: a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, parallel-group study. J Am Acad Dermatol 66:801–806 source
- Study design and conductown data
In study 1, a total enrollment of 126 subjects would provide 90% statistical power for detecting a 30% difference in response rate between treatment groups, assuming a 30% response in the vehicle control group and a two-sided type 1 error of 0.05.
“The sample size determination in study 1 indicated that a total enrollment of 126 subjects would provide 90 % statistical power for detecting a 30 % difference in the response rate between the treatment groups, assuming a 30 % response in the vehicle control group and a two-sided type 1 error of 0.05.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The types of adverse events reported in the current trials were consistent with those of prior studies investigating mostly Caucasian populations with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes.
“The types of AEs reported in the current trials were consistent with those of prior studies investigating mostly Caucasian populations with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes [15, 17].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [15] Smith S, Fagien S, Whitcup SM, Ledon F, Somogyi C, Weng E, Beddingfield FC III (2012) Eyelash growth in subjects treated with bimatoprost: a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, parallel-group study. J Am Acad Dermatol 66:801–806 source
- cites [17] Woodward JA, Haggerty CJ, Stinnett SS, Williams ZY (2010) Bimatoprost 0.03 % gel for cosmetic eyelash growth and enhancement. J Cosmet Dermatol 9:96–102 source
- Study design and conductown data
In study 2, the treatment groups were comparable except for age.
“The groups were comparable except for age.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
In study 1, the two treatment arms were comparable in terms of baseline characteristics.
“The two treatment arms were comparable in terms of baseline characteristics.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
- May combine two claims. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe effect of bimatoprost on eyelash growth is thought to arise by interaction with prostamide-sensitive receptors in hair follicles.
“Eyelash growth was noted as an adverse effect of bimatoprost use in clinical trials of patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension [9, 10, 12, 13], an effect thought to arise by the interaction of bimatoprost with prostamide-sensitive receptors in hair follicles [14].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Woodward DF, Tang ES, Attar M, Wang JW (2013) The biodisposition and hypertrichotic effects of bimatoprost in mouse skin. Exp Dermatol 22:145–148 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe safety profile of bimatoprost 0.03% has been well established for treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
“The safety profile of bimatoprost 0.03 % has been well established for treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension [11, 20].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Williams RD, Cohen JS, Gross RL, Liu CC, Safyan E, Batoosingh AL (2008) Long-term efficacy and safety of bimatoprost for intraocular pressure lowering in glaucoma and ocular hypertension: year 4. Br J Ophthalmol 92:1387–1392 source
- cites [20] Wirta D, VanDenburgh AM, Weng E, Whitcup SM, Kurstjens S, Beddingfield FC III (2011) Long-term safety evaluation of bimatoprost ophthalmic solution 0.03 %: A pooled analysis of six double-masked, randomized, active-controlled clinical trials. Clin Ophthalmol 5:759–765 source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn study 2, visual acuity remained unchanged in most subjects, except for a decline of more than two lines in one subject and an increase of more than two lines in one subject, both in the bimatoprost group.
“Visual acuity remained unchanged in most of the subjects, except for a decline of more than two lines in one subject and an increase of more than two lines in one subject, both in the bimatoprost group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn study 2, no subject had an intraocular pressure of 6 mmHg or lower, and no subject had an adverse event report of reduced intraocular pressure.
“As in study 1, no subject had an IOP of 6 mmHg or lower, and no subject had an AE report of reduced IOP.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn study 1, serious adverse events in the bimatoprost group included one case each of appendicitis and pyelonephritis, which were not considered associated with treatment.
“The serious AEs in the bimatoprost group included one case each of appendicitis and pyelonephritis, which were not considered to be associated with treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn study 1, ophthalmic examination showed no statistically or clinically significant differences between the bimatoprost and vehicle groups in change from baseline in intraocular pressure at month 1 (−0.79 vs −0.47 mmHg; P = 0.264) or month 4 (−0.84 vs −0.23 mmHg; P = 0.085).
“In study 1, ophthalmic examination showed no statistically or clinically significant differences between the bimatoprost and vehicle groups in terms of change from baseline in IOP (mean change from baseline to month 1, −0.79 vs −0.47 mmHg, P = 0.264; mean change from baseline to month 4, −0.84 vs −0.23 mmHg, P = 0.085).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn study 1, the most common adverse events in the bimatoprost group were nasopharyngitis (13.8%), conjunctival hyperemia (4.6%), punctate keratitis (3.4%), eye discharge (3.4%), and skin hyperpigmentation (3.4%).
“The most common AEs in the bimatoprost group were nasopharyngitis (13.8 %), conjunctival hyperemia (4.6 %), punctate keratitis (3.4 %), eye discharge (3.4 %), and skin hyperpigmentation (3.4 %).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn study 1, bimatoprost-treated subjects had significantly greater mean decrease (darkening) from baseline to month 4 in upper eyelash darkness than vehicle (−12.02 intensity units, 8%; P < 0.001).
“In study 1, from baseline to month 4, the bimatoprost-treated subjects experienced mean improvements of 1.62 mm (24 %) in upper eyelash length, 0.35 mm2 (44.8 %) in upper eyelash thickness, and −12.02 intensity units (negative value represents darkening; 8 %) in upper eyelash darkness (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn study 1, visual acuity remained unchanged (between −2 and +2 lines) for more than 90% of patients at month 1 and more than 85% at month 4.
“Visual acuity remained unchanged (between −2 and +2 lines) for more than 90 % of the patients in both groups (P = 0.248) at month 1 and for more than 85 % at month 4 (P = 0.257).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn study 1, bimatoprost-treated subjects had significantly greater mean increase from baseline to month 4 in upper eyelash length than vehicle (1.62 mm, 24%; P < 0.001).
“In study 1, from baseline to month 4, the bimatoprost-treated subjects experienced mean improvements of 1.62 mm (24 %) in upper eyelash length, 0.35 mm2 (44.8 %) in upper eyelash thickness, and −12.02 intensity units (negative value represents darkening; 8 %) in upper eyelash darkness (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn study 1, bimatoprost-treated subjects had significantly greater mean increase from baseline to month 4 in upper eyelash thickness than vehicle (0.35 mm2, 44.8%; P < 0.001).
“In study 1, from baseline to month 4, the bimatoprost-treated subjects experienced mean improvements of 1.62 mm (24 %) in upper eyelash length, 0.35 mm2 (44.8 %) in upper eyelash thickness, and −12.02 intensity units (negative value represents darkening; 8 %) in upper eyelash darkness (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn study 1, significantly higher GEA response rates with bimatoprost were evident by month 1 and maintained at the month 5 posttreatment assessment.
“In study 1, significantly higher response rates with bimatoprost, reflecting improved eyelash prominence, were evident by month 1 and maintained at the month 5 posttreatment assessment (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn study 1, no subject had an intraocular pressure of 6 mmHg or lower, and no subject had an adverse event report of reduced intraocular pressure.
“No subject had an IOP of 6 mmHg or lower, and no subject had an AE report of reduced IOP.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn study 2, no subjects in the bimatoprost group had serious adverse events, and no subjects discontinued the study due to adverse events.
“No subjects in the bimatoprost group had serious AEs, and no subjects discontinued the study due to AEs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataBimatoprost 0.03% applied to upper eyelid margins once nightly for 4 months was effective and safe for Japanese subjects with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes, regardless of etiology.
“These randomized clinical trials demonstrated that bimatoprost 0.03 % applied to upper eyelid margins once nightly for 4 months was effective and safe for Japanese subjects with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes, regardless of etiology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe normal range for intraocular pressure is reportedly 7-21 mmHg, and daily fluctuations in intraocular pressure can show an approximate range of 3-7 mmHg.
“The normal range for IOPs is reportedly 7–21 mmHg, and daily fluctuations in IOP can show an approximate range of 3–7 mmHg [22–25].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [22] Martin XD (1992) Normal intraocular pressure in man. Ophthalmologica 205:57–63 source
- cites [23] Murgatroyd H, Bembridge J (2008) Intraocular pressure. Cont Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 8:100–103 source
- cites [24] David R, Zangwill L, Briscoe D, Dagan M, Yagev R, Yassur Y (1992) Diurnal intraocular pressure variations: an analysis of 690 diurnal curves. Br J Ophthalmol 76:280–283 source
- cites [25] Fogagnolo P, Orzalesi N, Ferreras A, Rossetti L (2009) The circadian curve of intraocular pressure: can we estimate its characteristics during office hours? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:2209–2215 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenA limitation of these studies was their relatively short duration.
“A limitation of these studies was their relatively short duration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe primary efficacy end point was prospectively identified as clinical response, defined as at least a one-grade increase in GEA score from baseline at month 4.
“The primary efficacy end point was prospectively identified as the clinical response and defined as at least a one-grade increase in GEA score from baseline at month 4.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe studies were multicenter, double-masked, randomized, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled, and had a duration of 5 months.
“The reported multicenter, double-masked, randomized, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled studies had a similar design and a duration of 5 months.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe ESQ-9 has been translated, culturally adapted, and psychometrically validated with the Japanese population.
“The ESQ-9 has been translated, culturally adapted, and psychometrically validated with the Japanese population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenEach study was performed in compliance with Japanese Good Clinical Practice, Good Clinical Practice, and International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines; institutional review board approval was obtained at each site; and all subjects gave written informed consent.
“Each study was performed in compliance with Japanese Good Clinical Practice, Good Clinical Practice, and the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. Institutional review board approval was obtained at each site before initiation of the study, and all the subjects gave written informed consent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataEyelash length, thickness, and darkness were measured using a validated digital image analysis of superior-view digital eyelash photographs taken with standardized equipment and subject positioning.
“The secondary efficacy end points included measurements of upper eyelash length (mm), eyelash thickness (mm2), and eyelash darkness (intensity units) using a validated digital image analysis (DIA) of superior-view digital eyelash photographs taken with standardized equipment and subject positioning at each study visit (except for week 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataStudy 2 was primarily a safety study not powered for efficacy and enrolled a much smaller cohort.
“Study 2 was primarily a safety study not powered for efficacy and enrolled a much smaller cohort.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the North American study, statistically significant between-group differences in intraocular pressure were reported from week 1 through week 16, and by week 20 these differences had resolved.
“Statistically significant between-group differences in IOP were reported in the North American study from week 1 through week 16. By the week 20 visit, these differences had resolved [15].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Smith S, Fagien S, Whitcup SM, Ledon F, Somogyi C, Weng E, Beddingfield FC III (2012) Eyelash growth in subjects treated with bimatoprost: a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, parallel-group study. J Am Acad Dermatol 66:801–806 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataAll subjects in the studies were Japanese.
“Note: GEA Global Eyelash Assessment All the subjects were Japanese”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe changes in intraocular pressure observed in the current studies were well within normal ranges, consistent with low exposure to bimatoprost after topical application to the upper eyelid margins.
“Accordingly, the changes observed in the current studies were well within normal ranges, consistent with the low exposure to bimatoprost after topical application to the upper eyelid margins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAll efficacy analyses were conducted on the intent-to-treat population, which comprised all randomized subjects whether they had received study treatment or not.
“All efficacy analyses were conducted on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population, which comprised all of the randomized subjects whether they had received study treatment or not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataBimatoprost 0.03% applied topically to the upper eyelid margins is effective in producing longer, thicker, darker, and more prominent eyelashes in Japanese subjects with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes, with a favorable safety profile supported by ophthalmic examination.
“In summary, the current studies demonstrated that bimatoprost 0.03 % applied topically to the upper eyelid margins is effective in producing longer, thicker, darker, and more prominent eyelashes in Japanese subjects who have hypotrichosis of the eyelashes, with a favorable safety profile supported by ophthalmic examination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataOphthalmic examinations conducted at months 1 and 4 confirmed the safety of bimatoprost 0.03% for treatment of hypotrichosis of the eyelashes and indicated a good safety profile in Japanese subjects with hypotrichosis.
“The ophthalmic examinations conducted at months 1 and 4 further confirmed the safety of bimatoprost 0.03 % for treatment of hypotrichosis of the eyelashes and indicated a good safety profile in Japanese subjects with hypotrichosis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationBoth the GEA and the GEA-J scales have been validated in previous clinical studies.
“Both the GEA and the GEA-J scales have been validated in previous clinical studies [15].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Smith S, Fagien S, Whitcup SM, Ledon F, Somogyi C, Weng E, Beddingfield FC III (2012) Eyelash growth in subjects treated with bimatoprost: a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, parallel-group study. J Am Acad Dermatol 66:801–806 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenEligible subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to bimatoprost 0.03% or vehicle by an interactive voice or Web response system on day 1 (baseline).
“The eligible subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to bimatoprost 0.03 % or vehicle by an interactive voice or by a Web response system on day 1 (baseline).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenSafety parameters were evaluated in the safety population, which consisted of all subjects who received at least one dose of study medication.
“Safety parameters were evaluated in the safety population, which consisted of all the subjects who received at least one dose of study medication.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences between Asian and Caucasian eyelash morphology may affect the efficacy or safety of bimatoprost for eyelash hypotrichosis, making evaluation in Japanese subjects necessary.
“However, differences have been observed between Asian and Caucasian individuals in the number, thickness, and curliness of eyelashes [19]. Therefore, the two clinical trials described in this report aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bimatoprost 0.03 % for Japanese subjects with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes.”
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- Authors
- Harii, K., Arase, S., Tsuboi, R., Weng, E., Daniels, S., & VanDenburgh, A.
- Affiliations
- Kyorin University (JP)
- Naruto, Tokushima Prefecture hospital (JP)
- Tokyo Medical University (JP)
- Allergan (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- VanDenburgh, A.
- Venue
- Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
- Published
- 2014-03-19
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 451-460
- ISSN
- 0364-216X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-5241
- PMC
- PMC4003339
- OpenAlex
- W2014721020
- Semantic Scholar
- 0feac8dad1c7f137d8192d1eb42eadd422a55aa4
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2014-08-19)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Allergan
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Hair Growth and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Chemotherapy-related skin toxicity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ocular Surface and Contact Lens
- Keywords
- bimatoprost, eyelash growth, intraocular pressure, adverse events, Japanese subjects
- MeSH terms
- Bimatoprost, Adult, Amides, Cloprostenol, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Drug Administration Schedule, Esthetics, Eyelashes, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Ophthalmic Solutions, Reference Values, Chi-Square Distribution, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Risk Assessment, Statistics, Nonparametric, Asian People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-20.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-20.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
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