The contribution of astrocytes to the neuroinflammatory response in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Brambilla, Roberta

doi:10.1007/s00401-019-01980-7

Cited by 246Multiple Sclerosis Research StudiesNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsSpinal Cord Injury Research

The contribution of astrocytes to the neuroinflammatory response in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Open access

Brambilla, Roberta·2019·Acta Neuropathologica

DOI 10.1007/s00401-019-01980-7PMC PMC6483860

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Neuroinflammation is the coordinated response of the central nervous system (CNS) to threats to its integrity posed by a variety of conditions, including autoimmunity, pathogens and trauma. Activated astrocytes, in concert with other cellular elements of the CNS and immune system, are important players in the modulation of the neuroinflammatory response. During neurological disease, they produce and respond to cellular signals that often lead to dichotomous processes, which can promote further damage or contribute to repair. This occurs also in multiple sclerosis (MS), where astrocytes are now recognized as key components of its immunopathology. Evidence supporting this role has emerged not only from studies in MS patients, but also from animal models, among which the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model has proved especially instrumental. Based on this premise, the purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of astrocyte behavior in MS and EAE. Following a brief description of the pathological characteristics of the two diseases and the main functional roles of astrocytes in CNS physiology, we will delve into the specific responses of this cell population, analyzing MS and EAE in parallel. We will define the temporal and anatomical profile of astroglial activation, then focus on key processes they participate in. These include: (1) production and response to soluble mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), (2) regulation of oxidative stress, and (3) maintenance of BBB integrity and function. Finally, we will review the state of the art on the available methods to measure astroglial activation in vivo in MS patients, and how this could be exploited to optimize diagnosis, prognosis and treatment decisions. Ultimately, we believe that integrating the knowledge obtained from studies in MS and EAE may help not only better understand the pathophysiology of MS, but also uncover new signals to be targeted for therapeutic intervention.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00401-019-01980-7

Cites

205 of 205 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

MS-associated genes were highly expressed in glioblastoma.
“MS-associated genes were highly expressed in glioblastoma, consistent with the emerging view that astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation is a key contributor to the MS pathogenesis39.”
From A computational tool (H-MAGMA) for improved prediction of brain-disorder risk genes by incorporating brain chromatin interaction profiles (2020) · cites this paper as [39]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia
Liddelow, S. A., Guttenplan, K. A., Clarke, L. E., Bennett, F. C., Bohlen, C. J., Schirmer, L., Bennett, M. L., Münch, A. E., Chung, W.-S., Peterson, T. C., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21029 · Cited by 7,971 · see citing works
Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier
Abbott, N. J., Rönnbäck, L., & Hansson, E. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1824 · Cited by 5,595 · see citing works
Astrocytes: Biology and pathology
Sofroniew, M. V., & Vinters, H. V. (2010) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0619-8 · Cited by 5,196 · see citing works
The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6
Scheller, J., Chalaris, A., Schmidt-Arras, D., & Rose-John, S. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.034 · Cited by 3,212 · see citing works
NF-κB, inflammation, immunity and cancer: coming of age
Taniguchi, K., & Karin, M. (2018) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.142 · Cited by 2,679 · see citing works
Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation
Sofroniew, M. V. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.08.002 · Cited by 2,594 · see citing works
Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner
Araque, A., Parpura, V., Sanzgiri, R. P., & Haydon, P. G. (1999) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01349-6 · Cited by 2,529 · see citing works
Astrocyte scar formation aids central nervous system axon regeneration
Anderson, M. A., Burda, J. E., Ren, Y., Ao, Y., O’Shea, T. M., Kawaguchi, R., Coppola, G., Khakh, B. S., Deming, T. J., & Sofroniew, M. V. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17623 · Cited by 1,851 · see citing works
Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis
Kutzelnigg, A., Lucchinetti, C. F., Stadelmann, C., Brück, W., Rauschka, H., Bergmann, M., Schmidbauer, M., Parisi, J. E., & Lassmann, H. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh641 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis--the plaque and its pathogenesis.
Frohman, E., Racke, M., & Raine, C. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra052130 · Cited by 1,793 · see citing works
Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis
Christopherson, K. S., Ullian, E. M., Stokes, C. C. A., Mullowney, C. E., Hell, J. W., Agah, A., Lawler, J., Mosher, D. F., Bornstein, P., & Barres, B. A. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.020 · Cited by 1,688 · see citing works
Physiology of Astroglia
Verkhratsky, A., & Nedergaard, M. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2016 · Cited by 1,678 · see citing works
Protoplasmic Astrocytes in CA1 Stratum Radiatum Occupy Separate Anatomical Domains
Bushong, E. A., Martone, M. E., Jones, Y. Z., & Ellisman, M. H. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-01-00183.2002 · Cited by 1,578 · see citing works
Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Rothhammer, V., Mascanfroni, I. D., Bunse, L., Takenaka, M. C., Kenison, J. E., Mayo, L., Chao, C.-C., Patel, B., Yan, R., Blain, M., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4106 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS)
Constantinescu, C. S., Farooqi, N., O'Brien, K., & Gran, B. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
Gliotransmitters Travel in Time and Space
Araque, A., Carmignoto, G., Haydon, P. G., Oliet, S. H. R., Robitaille, R., & Volterra, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.007 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Astrocyte barriers to neurotoxic inflammation
Sofroniew, M. V. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3898 · Cited by 1,202 · see citing works
Pathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis
Mahad, D., Trapp, B. D., & Lassmann, H. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70256-x · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Regulation of NF-κB by TNF family cytokines
Hayden, M. S., & Ghosh, S. (2014) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.004 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works
Microglial control of astrocytes in response to microbial metabolites
Rothhammer, V., Borucki, D. M., Tjon, E. C., Takenaka, M. C., Chao, C.-C., Ardura-Fabregat, A., de Lima, K. A., Gutiérrez-Vázquez, C., Hewson, P., Staszewski, O., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0119-x · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
Progressive multiple sclerosis: pathology and pathogenesis
Lassmann, H., van Horssen, J., & Mahad, D. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.168 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients
Sørensen, T. L., Tani, M., Jensen, J. S., Pierce, V., Lucchinetti, C. F., Folcik, V. A., Qin, S., Rottman, J., Sellebjerg, F. T., Strieter, R. M., et al. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci5150 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Astrocytes: Key Regulators of Neuroinflammation
Colombo, E., & Farina, C. (2016) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2016.06.006 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Multinuclear NMR Studies on the Energy Metabolism of Glial and Neuronal Cells
Brand, A., Richter‐Landsberg, C., & Leibfritz, D. (1994) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000111347 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
CCR5 + and CXCR3 + T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-1α and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions
Balashov, K. E., Rottman, J. B., Weiner, H. L., & Hancock, W. W. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.12.6873 · Cited by 848 · see citing works
The Hedgehog Pathway Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and CNS Immune Quiescence
Alvarez, J. I., Dodelet-Devillers, A., Kebir, H., Ifergan, I., Fabre, P. J., Terouz, S., Sabbagh, M., Wosik, K., Bourbonnière, L., Bernard, M., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206936 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Tumor necrosis factor identified in multiple sclerosis brain.
Hofman, F. M., Hinton, D. R., Johnson, K. P., & Merrill, J. E. (1989) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.170.2.607 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Astrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases
Pekny, M., Pekna, M., Messing, A., Steinhäuser, C., Lee, J., Parpura, V., Hol, E. M., Sofroniew, M. V., & Verkhratsky, A. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1513-1 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Astrocyte-derived VEGF-A drives blood-brain barrier disruption in CNS inflammatory disease
Argaw, A. T., Asp, L., Zhang, J., Navrazhina, K., Pham, T., Mariani, J. N., Mahase, S., Dutta, D. J., Seto, J., Kramer, E. G., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci60842 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Identification of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor in multiple sclerosis lesions.
Selmaj, K. W., Raine, C. S., Cannella, B., & Brosnan, C. F. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115102 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Transgenic mice that express a myelin basic protein-specific T cell receptor develop spontaneous autoimmunity
Goverman, J. M., Woods, A., Larson, L., Weiner, L. P., Hood, L., & Zaller, D. M. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90074-z · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Control of Glutamate Clearance and Synaptic Efficacy by Glial Coverage of Neurons
Oliet, S. H. R., Piet, R., & Poulain, D. A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059162 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
The dynamic blood–brain barrier
Keaney, J., & Campbell, M. (2015) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.13412 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
The neurobiology of glia in the context of water and ion homeostasis
Simard, M. F., & Nedergaard, M. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.053 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Inhibition of astroglial nuclear factor κB reduces inflammation and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury
Brambilla, R., Bracchi-Ricard, V. C., Hu, W.-H., Frydel, B. R., Bramwell, A., Karmally, S., Green, E. J., & Bethea, J. R. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20041918 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Self-citation
FTY720 (fingolimod) efficacy in an animal model of multiple sclerosis requires astrocyte sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P 1 ) modulation
Choi, J. W., Gardell, S. E., Herr, D. R., Rivera, R. R., Lee, C., Noguchi, K., Teo, S. T., Yung, Y. C., Lu, M., Kennedy, G., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1014154108 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Induction of nitric oxide synthase in demyelinating regions of multiple sclerosis brains
Bö, L., Dawson, T. M., Wesselingh, S. L., Möurk, S., Choi, S. J., Kong, P. A., Hanley, D. F., & Trapp, B. D. (1994) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410360515 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Chemokines in multiple sclerosis: CXCL12 and CXCL13 up-regulation is differentially linked to CNS immune cell recruitment
Krumbholz, M., Theil, D. J., Cepok, S., Hemmer, B., Kivisäkk, P., Ransohoff, R. M., Hofbauer, M., Farina, C., Derfuss, T. J., Hartle, C., et al. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh680 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Dystroglycan is selectively cleaved at the parenchymal basement membrane at sites of leukocyte extravasation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Agrawal, S., Anderson, P., Durbeej, M., van Rooijen, N., Ivars, F., Opdenakker, G., & Sorokin, L. M. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20051342 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Glial influence on the blood brain barrier
Alvarez, J. I., Katayama, T., & Prat, A. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22575 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
NADPH oxidase expression in active multiple sclerosis lesions in relation to oxidative tissue damage and mitochondrial injury
Fischer, M. T., Sharma, R., Lim, J. L., Haider, L., Frischer, J. M., Drexhage, J., Mahad, D., Bradl, M., van Horssen, J., & Lassmann, H. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws012 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
TNF and its receptors in the CNS: The essential, the desirable and the deleterious effects
Probert, L. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.038 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Ransohoff, R. M., Hamilton, T. A., Tani, M., Stoler, M. H., Shick, H. E., Major, J. A., Estes, M. L., Thomas, D. M., & Tuohy, V. K. (1993) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.7.6.8472896 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis
Nylander, A., & Hafler, D. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci58649 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
BAFF is produced by astrocytes and up-regulated in multiple sclerosis lesions and primary central nervous system lymphoma
Krumbholz, M., Theil, D. J., Derfuss, T. J., Rosenwald, A., Schrader, F., Monoranu, C., Kalled, S. L., Hess, D. M., Serafini, B., Aloisi, F., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20041674 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Regulation of astrocyte activation by glycolipids drives chronic CNS inflammation
Mayo, L., Trauger, S. A., Blain, M., Nadeau, M., Patel, B., Alvarez, J. I., Mascanfroni, I. D., Yeste, A., Kivisäkk, P., Kallas, K., et al. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3681 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Reactive Astrocytes Form Scar-Like Perivascular Barriers to Leukocytes during Adaptive Immune Inflammation of the CNS
Voskuhl, R. R., Peterson, R. S., Song, B., Ao, Y., Morales, L. B. J., Tiwari-Woodruff, S. K., & Sofroniew, M. V. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1514-09.2009 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Astrocytes and the regulation of cerebral blood flow
Koehler, R. C., Roman, R. J., & Harder, D. R. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.11.005 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
BDNF and gp145trkB in multiple sclerosis brain lesions: neuroprotective interactions between immune and neuronal cells?
Stadelmann, C., Kerschensteiner, M., Misgeld, T., Brück, W., Hohlfeld, R., & Lassmann, H. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf015 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study
McManus, C. M., Berman, J. W., Brett, F. M., Staunton, H., Farrell, M., & Brosnan, C. F. (1998) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00002-2 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Recapitulation of B cell differentiation in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis
Corcione, A., Casazza, S., Ferretti, E., Giunti, D., Zappia, E., Pistorio, A., Gambini, C., Mancardi, G., Uccelli, A., & Pistoia, V. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402455101 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Neuroinflammatory TNFα Impairs Memory via Astrocyte Signaling
Habbas, S., Santello, M., Becker, D., Stubbe, H., Zappia, G., Liaudet, N., Klaus, F. R., Kollias, G., Fontana, A., Pryce, C. R., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.023 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
IL-1β Regulates Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability via Reactivation of the Hypoxia-Angiogenesis Program
Argaw, A. T., Zhang, Y., Snyder, B., Zhao, M., Kopp, N., Lee, S. C., Raine, C. S., Brosnan, C. F., & John, G. R. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5574 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Disruption of central nervous system barriers in multiple sclerosis
Alvarez, J. I., Cayrol, R., & Prat, A. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.06.017 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Neurofilament light protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein as biological markers in MS
Malmeström, C., Haghighi, S., Rosengren, L., Andersen, O., & Lycke, J. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000098880.19793.b6 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Severe oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis lesions coincides with enhanced antioxidant enzyme expression
van Horssen, J., Schreibelt, G., Drexhage, J., Hazes, T., Dijkstra, C. D., van der Valk, P., & de Vries, H. E. (2008) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.023 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Physiology of Astroglia
Verkhratsky, A., Parpura, V., Vardjan, N., & Zorec, R. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_3 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nitrotyrosine in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions
Liu, J. S.-H., Zhao, M., Brosnan, C. F., & Lee, S. C. (2001) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64677-9 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
An inwardly rectifying K+ channel, Kir4.1, expressed in astrocytes surrounds synapses and blood vessels in brain
Higashi, K., Fujita, A., Inanobe, A., Tanemoto, M., Doi, K., Kubo, T., & Kurachi, Y. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.3.c922 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Inflammatory intrathecal profiles and cortical damage in multiple sclerosis
Magliozzi, R., Howell, O. W., Nicholas, R. S., Cruciani, C., Castellaro, M., Romualdi, C., Rossi, S., Pitteri, M., Benedetti, M. D., Gajofatto, A., et al. (2018) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25197 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Astrocyte-restricted ablation of interleukin-17-induced ACT1-mediated signaling ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Kang, Z., Altuntas, C. Z., Gulen, M. F., Liu, C., Giltiay, N., Qin, H., Liu, L., Qian, W., Ransohoff, R. M., Bergmann, C., et al. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.004 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Oligodendroglial myelination requires astrocyte-derived lipids
Camargo, N., Goudriaan, A., van Deijk, A.-L. F., Otte, W. M., Brouwers, J. F., Lodder, H., Gutmann, D. H., Nave, K.-A., Dijkhuizen, R. M., Mansvelder, H. D., et al. (2017) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002605 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Serum GFAP as a biomarker for disease severity in multiple sclerosis
Abdelhak, A., Huss, A. M., Kassubek, J., Tumani, H., & Otto, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33158-8 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Brain metabolite changes in cortical grey and normal-appearing white matter in clinically early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Chard, D., Griffin, C., McLean, M., Kapeller, P., Kapoor, R., Thompson, A., & Miller, D. (2002) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awf240 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Localizing central nervous system immune surveillance: Meningeal antigen‐presenting cells activate T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Kivisäkk, P., Imitola, J., Rasmussen, S. O., Elyaman, W., Zhu, B., Ransohoff, R. M., & Khoury, S. J. (2008) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21379 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Transgenic Inhibition of Astroglial NF-κB Improves Functional Outcome in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Suppressing Chronic Central Nervous System Inflammation
Brambilla, R., Persaud, T., Hu, X.-C., Karmally, S., Shestopalov, V., Dvoriantchikova, G., Ivanov, D., Nathanson, L., Barnum, S., & Bethea, J. (2009) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0802954 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citation
Synchronous synthesis of alpha- and beta-chemokines by cells of diverse lineage in the central nervous system of mice with relapses of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Glabinski, A. R., Tani, M., Strieter, R. M., Tuohy, V. K., & Ransohoff, R. M. (1997) · PubMed Central · Cited by 279 · see citing works
B‐cell Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis: Entering an era
Greenfield, A. L., & Hauser, S. L. (2017) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25119 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
The role of antigen presenting cells in multiple sclerosis
Chastain, E. M. L., Duncan, D. S., Rodgers, J. M., & Miller, S. D. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.008 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis: a study of CXCL10 and CXCR3 co-localization in the inflamed central nervous system
Sørensen, T. L., Trebst, C., Kivisäkk, P., Klaege, K. L., Majmudar, A., Ravid, R., Lassmann, H., Olsen, D. B., Strieter, R. M., Ransohoff, R. M., et al. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00097-8 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
The astrocyte in multiple sclerosis revisited
Brosnan, C. F., & Raine, C. S. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22443 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Expression of MCP-1 by Reactive Astrocytes in Demyelinating Multiple Sclerosis Lesions
Voorn, P. V. D., Tekstra, J., Beelen, R. H. J., Tensen, C. P., van der Valk, P., & Groot, C. J. A. D. (1999) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65249-2 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
CXCL12 Limits Inflammation by Localizing Mononuclear Infiltrates to the Perivascular Space during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
McCandless, E. E., Wang, Q., Woerner, B. M., Harper, J. M., & Klein, R. S. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.8053 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Localization of monocyte chemoattractant peptide-1 expression in the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and trauma in the rat
Berman, J. W., Guida, M. P., Warren, J. S., Amat, J., & Brosnan, C. F. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.156.8.3017 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Neuroprotection mediated through estrogen receptor-α in astrocytes
Spence, R. D., Hamby, M. E., Umeda, E. A., Itoh, N., Du, S., Wisdom, A. J., Cao, Y., Bondar, G., Lam, J., Ao, Y., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1103833108 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
CXCR4 promotes differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination
Patel, J. R., McCandless, E. E., Dorsey, D., & Klein, R. S. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1006301107 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Identification of a pathogenic antibody response to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis
Zhou, D., Srivastava, R., Nessler, S., Grummel, V., Sommer, N., Brück, W., Hartung, H., Stadelmann, C., & Hemmer, B. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607242103 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Markers for different glial cell responses in multiple sclerosis: clinical and pathological correlations
Petzold, A. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf165 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Myelin phagocytosis by astrocytes after myelin damage promotes lesion pathology
Ponath, G. D., Ramanan, S., Mubarak, M., Housley, W., Lee, S., Sahinkaya, F. R., Vortmeyer, A. O., Raine, C. S., & Pitt, D. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aww298 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Deletion of Astroglial Connexins Weakens the Blood–Brain Barrier
Ezan, P., André, P., Cisternino, S., Saubaméa, B., Boulay, A.-C., Doutremer, S., Thomas, M.-A., Quenech'du, N., Giaume, C., & Cohen-Salmon, M. (2012) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.45 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The neuropathological basis of clinical progression in multiple sclerosis
Reynolds, R., Roncaroli, F., Nicholas, R., Radotra, B., Gveric, D., & Howell, O. (2011) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0840-0 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Antibody responses in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: correlation of serum demyelinating activity with antibody titre to the myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)
Linington, C., & Lassmann, H. (1987) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(87)90031-2 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis
Horng, S., Therattil, A., Moyon, S., Gordon, A., Kim, K., Argaw, A. T., Hara, Y., Mariani, J. N., Sawai, S., Flodby, P., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci91301 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Expression of the interferon‐γ‐inducible chemokines IP‐10 and Mig and their receptor, CXCR3, in multiple sclerosis lesions
Simpson, J. E., Newcombe, J., Cuzner, M. L., & Woodroofe, M. N. (2000) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2990.2000.026002133.x · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Inhibition of soluble tumour necrosis factor is therapeutic in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and promotes axon preservation and remyelination
Brambilla, R., Ashbaugh, J. J., Magliozzi, R., Dellarole, A., Karmally, S., Szymkowski, D. E., & Bethea, J. R. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr199 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pathological Expression of CXCL12 at the Blood-Brain Barrier Correlates with Severity of Multiple Sclerosis
McCandless, E. E., Piccio, L., Woerner, B. M., Schmidt, R. E., Rubin, J. B., Cross, A. H., & Klein, R. S. (2008) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.070918 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Functional role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuroprotective autoimmunity: therapeutic implications in a model of multiple sclerosis
Linker, R. A., Lee, D.-H., Demir, S., Wiese, S., Kruse, N., Siglienti, I., Gerhardt, E., Neumann, H., Sendtner, M., Lühder, F., et al. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq179 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor 1 and 3 are upregulated in multiple sclerosis lesions
van Doorn, R., van Horssen, J., Verzijl, D., Witte, M. E., Ronken, E., Hof, B. V. H., Lakeman, K. A. M., Dijkstra, C. D., van der Valk, P., Reijerkerk, A., et al. (2010) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21021 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Angiotensin II sustains brain inflammation in mice via TGF-β
Lanz, T. V., Ding, Z., Ho, P. P.-K., Luo, J., Agrawal, A., Srinagesh, H. K., Axtell, R. C., Zhang, H., Platten, M., Wyss‐Coray, T., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci41709 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
NF-κB functions in the nervous system: From development to disease
Mémet, S. (2006) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.09.003 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Inhibition of transcription factor NF-κB in the central nervous system ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice
Loo, G., Lorenzi, R. D., Schmidt, H., Huth, M., Mildner, A., Schmidt‐Supprian, M., Lassmann, H., Prinz, M., & Pasparakis, M. (2006) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1372 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulation suppresses pathogenic astrocyte activation and chronic progressive CNS inflammation
Rothhammer, V., Kenison, J. E., Tjon, E. C., Takenaka, M. C., de Lima, K. A., Borucki, D. M., Chao, C., Wilz, A., Blain, M., Healy, L. M., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1615413114 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Glial fibrillary acidic protein: a potential biomarker for progression in multiple sclerosis
Axelsson, M., Malmeström, C., Nilsson, S., Haghighi, S., Rosengren, L., & Lycke, J. (2010) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-010-5863-2 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Blood–brain barrier alterations in both focal and diffuse abnormalities on postmortem MRI in multiple sclerosis
Vos, C. M. P., Geurts, J. J. G., Montagne, L., van Haastert, E. S., Bö, L., van der Valk, P., Barkhof, F., & de Vries, H. E. (2005) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.06.012 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Astrocytic TYMP and VEGFA drive blood–brain barrier opening in inflammatory central nervous system lesions
Chapouly, C., Argaw, A. T., Horng, S. H., Castro, K., Zhang, J., Asp, L., Loo, H., Laitman, B. M., Mariani, J. N., Farber, R. S., et al. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv077 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Estrogen Mediates Neuroprotection and Anti-Inflammatory Effects during EAE through ER Signaling on Astrocytes But Not through ER Signaling on Astrocytes or Neurons
Spence, R. D., Wisdom, A. J., Cao, Y., Hill, H., Mongerson, C. R., Stapornkul, B., Itoh, N., Sofroniew, M. V., & Voskuhl, R. R. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0886-13.2013 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Animal models of multiple sclerosis: Focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Bjelobaba, I. M., Begović-Kuprešanin, V., Peković, S., & Lavrnja, I. C. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24224 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Astrocyte CCL2 sustains immune cell infiltration in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Kim, R. Y., Hoffman, A., Itoh, N., Ao, Y., Spence, R. D., Sofroniew, M. V., & Voskuhl, R. R. (2014) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.009 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Functional interleukin-17 receptor A is expressed in central nervous system glia and upregulated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Sarma, J. D., Ćirić, B., Marek, R. A., Sadhukhan, S., Caruso, M., Shafagh, J., Fitzgerald, D. C., Shindler, K. S., & Rostami, A. M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-6-14 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
CXCL12 (SDF-1α) suppresses ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by selecting antigen-specific regulatory T cells
Meiron, M., Zohar, Y., Anunu, R., Wildbaum, G., & Karin, N. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20080730 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein correlates with multiple sclerosis disease severity
Högel, H., Rissanen, E., Barro, C., Matilainen, M., Nylund, M., Kühle, J., & Airas, L. M. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458518819380 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Glial and neuronal markers in cerebrospinal fluid predict progression in multiple sclerosis
Mañé-Martínez, M. A., Olsson, B., Bau, L., Matas, E., Cobo‐Calvo, Á., Andréasson, U., Blennow, K., Romero-Pinel, L., Martínez‐Yélamos, S., & Zetterberg, H. (2015) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458514549397 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
A role for CXCL12 (SDF-1α) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: Regulation of CXCL12 expression in astrocytes by soluble myelin basic protein
Calderon, T. M., Eugenín, E. A., Lopez, L., Kumar, S. S., Hesselgesser, J., Raine, C. S., & Berman, J. W. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.003 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Type I interferon pathway in CNS homeostasis and neurological disorders
Blank, T., & Prinz, M. (2017) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23154 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
IL-6 detection in multiple sclerosis brain
Maimone, D., Guazzi, G. C., & Annunziata, P. (1997) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(96)00283-3 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Central Nervous System Chemokine mRNA Accumulation Follows Initial Leukocyte Entry at the Onset of Acute Murine Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Glabinski, A. R., Tani, M., Tuohy, V. K., Tuthill, R. J., & Ransohoff, R. M. (1995) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1006/brbi.1995.1030 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Astrocytes produce dendritic cell-attracting chemokines in vitro and in multiple sclerosis lesions
Ambrosini, E., Remoli, M. E., Giacomini, E., Rosicarelli, B., Serafini, B., Lande, R., Aloisi, F., & Coccia, E. M. (2005) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.jnen.0000173893.01929.fc · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Barbiturate-induced glycogen accumulation in brain. An electron microscopic study.
Phelps, C. H. (1972) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(72)90797-4 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Astrocytes play a key role in EAE pathophysiology by orchestrating in the CNS the inflammatory response of resident and peripheral immune cells and by suppressing remyelination
Brambilla, R., Morton, P. D., Ashbaugh, J. J., Karmally, S., Lambertsen, K. L., & Bethea, J. R. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22616 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citation
Focal disturbances in the blood–brain barrier are associated with formation of neuroinflammatory lesions
Alvarez, J. I., Saint-Laurent, O., Godschalk, A., Terouz, S., Briels, C., Larouche, S., Bourbonnière, L., Larochelle, C., & Prat, A. (2015) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.09.016 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Estradiol inhibits ongoing autoimmune neuroinflammation and NFκB-dependent CCL2 expression in reactive astrocytes
Giraud, S., Caron, C., Pham-Dinh, D., Kitabgi, P., & Nicot, A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910627107 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Stimulation of the neurotrophin receptor TrkB on astrocytes drives nitric oxide production and neurodegeneration
Colombo, E., Cordiglieri, C., Melli, G., Newcombe, J., Krumbholz, M., Parada, L. F., Medico, E., Hohlfeld, R., Meinl, E., & Farina, C. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20110698 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Loss of astrocyte polarity marks blood–brain barrier impairment during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Wolburg‐Buchholz, K., Mack, A. F., Steiner, E., Pfeiffer, F., Engelhardt, B., & Wolburg, H. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0558-4 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Astroglial overproduction of TGF-β1 enhances inflammatory central nervous system disease in transgenic mice
Wyss‐Coray, T., Borrow, P., Brooker, M. J., & Mucke, L. (1997) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00049-0 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Cellular localization and expression patterns of interleukin‐10, interleukin‐4, and their receptors in multiple sclerosis lesions
Hulshof, S. C. J., Montagne, L., Groot, C. J. A. D., & van der Valk, P. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10050 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice lacking glial fibrillary acidic protein is characterized by a more severe clinical course and an infiltrative central nervous system lesion.
Liedtke, W., Edelmann, W., Chiu, F., Kucherlapati, R., & Raine, C. S. (1998) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Role for CXCR2 and CXCL1 on glia in multiple sclerosis
Omari, K. M., John, G. R., Lango, R., & Raine, C. S. (2005) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20246 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Astrocytes and microglia express inducible nitric oxide synthase in mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Tran, E. H., Hardin‐Pouzet, H., Verge, G. M., & Owens, T. (1997) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00215-9 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Opposing Functions of Microglial and Macrophagic TNFR2 in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Gao, H., Danzi, M. C., Choi, C. S., Taherian, M., Hansen, C. D., Ellman, D. G., Madsen, P. M., Bixby, J. L., Lemmon, V., Lambertsen, K. L., et al. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.083 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citation
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Enhancement of Cell-Mediated Transfer by Concanavalin A
PANITCH, H. S., & McFarlin, D. E. (1977) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.119.3.1134 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Astrocyte TNFR2 is required for CXCL12-mediated regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and differentiation within the adult CNS
Patel, J. R., Williams, J. L., Muccigrosso, M. M., Liu, L., Sun, T., Rubin, J. B., & Klein, R. S. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-012-1034-0 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
18F-fluoroacetate: a potential acetate analog for prostate tumor imaging--in vivo evaluation of 18F-fluoroacetate versus 11C-acetate.
Ponde, D. E., Dence, C. S., Oyama, N., Kim, J., Tai, Y., Laforest, R. A., Siegel, B. A., & Welch, M. J. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 134 · see citing works
An inwardly rectifying K+ channel, Kir4.1, expressed in astrocytes surrounds synapses and blood vessels in brain
東, 佳. (2003) · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Induction of the genes for Cxcl9 and Cxcl10 is dependent on IFN‐γ but shows differential cellular expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and by astrocytes and microglia in vitro
Carter, S. L., Müller, M., Manders, P., & Campbell, I. L. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20587 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and the metabolism of cytoskeletal proteins in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Smith, M. E., Somera, F. P., & Eng, L. F. (1983) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90822-3 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Expression of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1, -β2, and -β3 Isoforms and TGF-β Type I and Type II Receptors in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions and Human Adult Astrocyte Cultures
Groot, C. J. A. D., Montagne, L., Barten, A. D., Sminia, P., & van der Valk, P. (1999) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199902000-00007 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis
Ludwin, S. K., Rao, V. T. S., Moore, C. S., & Antel, J. P. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516643396 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Evidence for a role of dystroglycan regulating the membrane architecture of astroglial endfeet
Noell, S., Wolburg‐Buchholz, K., Mack, A. F., Beedle, A. M., Satz, J. S., Campbell, K. P., Wolburg, H., & Fallier‐Becker, P. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07688.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Identification of cell types producing RANTES, MIP-1α and MIP-1β in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by in situ hybridization
Miyagishi, R., Kikuchi, S., Takayama, C., Inoue, Y., & Tashiro, K. (1997) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00040-4 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Glia-dependent TGF-β signaling, acting independently of the TH17 pathway, is critical for initiation of murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Luo, J., Ho, P. P.-K., Buckwalter, M. S., Hsu, T., Lee, L. Y., Zhang, H., Kim, D., Kim, S., Gambhir, S. S., Steinman, L., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci31763 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Conditional Ablation of Astroglial CCL2 Suppresses CNS Accumulation of M1 Macrophages and Preserves Axons in Mice with MOG Peptide EAE
Moreno, M. A., Bannerman, P., Ma, J. H., Guo, F., Miers, L., Soulika, A., & Pleasure, D. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1137-14.2014 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Regulation of CCL20 expression in astrocytes by IL‐6 and IL‐17
Meares, G. P., Ma, X., Qin, H., & Benveniste, E. N. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22307 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Inhibition of reactive astrocytosis in established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis favors infiltration by myeloid cells over T cells and enhances severity of disease
Toft‐Hansen, H., Füchtbauer, L. M., & Owens, T. (2010) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21088 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Interleukin-33 upregulation in peripheral leukocytes and CNS of multiple sclerosis patients
Christophi, G. P., Gruber, R. C., Panos, M., Christophi, R. L., Jubelt, B., & Massa, P. T. (2011) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2011.11.007 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Cellular distribution of glucose and monocarboxylate transporters in human brain white matter and multiple sclerosis lesions
Nijland, P. G., Michailidou, I., Witte, M. E., Mizee, M. R., van der Pol, S. M. A., Hof, B. V. H., Reijerkerk, A., Pellerin, L., van der Valk, P., de Vries, H. E., et al. (2014) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22667 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Astrocytes are the major intracerebral source of macrophage inflammatory protein‐3α/CCL20 in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in vitro
Ambrosini, E., Cabezas, S. C., Serafini, B., Muscella, A., & Aloisi, F. (2003) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10193 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Astrocyte‐associated axonal damage in pre‐onset stages of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Wang, D., Ayers, M. M., Catmull, D. V., Hazelwood, L. J., Bernard, C. C. A., & Orian, J. M. (2005) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20199 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Glial fibrillary acidic protein in CSF of multiple sclerosis patients: relation to neurological deficit
Rosengren, L., Lycke, J., & Andersen, O. (1995) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(95)00152-r · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Paradoxical dysregulation of the neural stem cell pathway sonic hedgehog‐gli1 in autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis
Wang, Y., Imitola, J., Rasmussen, S. O., O’Connor, K. C., & Khoury, S. J. (2008) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21457 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α(MIP-1α), MIP-1β, and RANTES mRNA semiquantification and protein expression in active demyelinating multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions
Boven, L. A., Montagne, L., Nottet, H. S. L. M., & Groot, C. J. A. D. (2000) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01334.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Neuroprotection and Remyelination after Autoimmune Demyelination in Mice that Inducibly Overexpress CXCL1
Omari, K. M., Lutz, S. E., Santambrogio, L., Lira, S. A., & Raine, C. S. (2008) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.080350 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Connexin 43 Astrocytopathy Linked to Rapidly Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica
Masaki, K., Suzuki, S. O., Matsushita, T., Matsuoka, T., Imamura, S., Yamasaki, R., Suzuki, M., Suenaga, T., Iwaki, T., & Kira, J. I. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072919 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Contribution of Astrocyte-Derived IL-15 to CD8 T Cell Effector Functions in Multiple Sclerosis
Saikali, P., Antel, J. P., Pittet, C. L., Newcombe, J., & Arbour, N. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002188 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Deletion of astroglial CXCL10 delays clinical onset but does not affect progressive axon loss in a murine autoimmune multiple sclerosis model
Ko, E. M., Ma, J. H., Guo, F., Miers, L. A., Lee, E., Bannerman, P. G. C., Burns, T., Ko, D., Sohn, J., Soulika, A. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-105 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Transgenic inhibition of astroglial NF-κB protects from optic nerve damage and retinal ganglion cell loss in experimental optic neuritis
Brambilla, R., Dvoriantchikova, G., Barakat, D. J., Ivanov, D., Bethea, J. R., & Shestopalov, V. I. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-213 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inhibition of the TNF Family Cytokine RANKL Prevents Autoimmune Inflammation in the Central Nervous System
Guerrini, M. M., Okamoto, K., Komatsu, N., Sawa, S., Danks, L., Penninger, J. M., Nakashima, T., & Takayanagi, H. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.017 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Astroglial PGC-1alpha increases mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and suppresses inflammation: Implications for multiple sclerosis
Nijland, P. G., Witte, M. E., van het Hof, B., van der Pol, S., Bauer, J., Lassmann, H., van der Valk, P., de Vries, H. E., & van Horssen, J. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0170-2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 in rat oligodendroglial cells
Nguyen, D., & Stangel, M. (2001) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00128-6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 expression in human multiple sclerosis lesions
Schönrock, L. M., Gawlowski, G., & Brück, W. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01543-3 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Interleukin-17 stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase activation in rodent astrocytes
Trajković, V., Stošić‐Grujičić, S., Samardžić, T., Marković, M., Miljković, D. M., Ramić, Z., & Stojković, M. M. (2001) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00391-5 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Tracking CNS and systemic sources of oxidative stress during the course of chronic neuroinflammation
Mossakowski, A. A., Pohlan, J., Bremer, D., Lindquist, R. L., Millward, J. M., Bock, M., Pollok, K., Mothes, R., Viohl, L., Radbruch, M., et al. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1497-x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Astrocyte response to IFN-γ limits IL-6-mediated microglia activation and progressive autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Savarin, C., Hinton, D. R., Valentin-Torres, A., Chen, Z., Trapp, B. D., Bergmann, C. C., & Stohlman, S. A. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0293-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
S100B as a Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Multiple Sclerosis
Barateiro, A. P., Afonso, V., Santos, G., Cerqueira, J., Brites, D. M. T. O., van Horssen, J., & Fernandes, A. M. A. (2015) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9336-6 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
IFN-γ Signaling to Astrocytes Protects from Autoimmune Mediated Neurological Disability
Hindinger, C., Bergmann, C. C., Hinton, D. R., Phares, T. W., Parra, G. I., Hussain, S., Savarin, C., Atkinson, R., & Stohlman, S. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042088 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Absence of aquaporin-4 expression in lesions of neuromyelitis optica but increased expression in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal-appearing white matter
Sinclair, C., Kirk, J., Herron, B. M., FitzGerald, U., & McQuaid, S. (2006) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0169-2 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gap junction pathology in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal-appearing white matter
Markoullis, K., Sargiannidou, I., Schiza, N., Hadjisavvas, A., Roncaroli, F., Reynolds, R., & Kleopa, K. A. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0978-4 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Astrocytic A20 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting NF-κB- and STAT1-dependent chemokine production in astrocytes
Wang, X., Deckert, M., Xuân, N. T., Nishanth, G., Just, S., Waisman, A., Naumann, M., & Schlüter, D. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1183-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Labeled Acetate as a Marker of Astrocytic Metabolism
Wyss, M. T., Magistretti, P. J., Buck, A., & Weber, B. (2011) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.84 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The protective effects of omega-6 fatty acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in relation to transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) up-regulation and increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production
Harbige, L. S., Layward, L., Morris-Downes, M. M., Dumonde, D. C., & Amor, S. (2000) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01399.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
High‐fat diet ameliorates neurological deficits caused by defective astrocyte lipid metabolism
Camargo, N., Brouwers, J. F. H. M., Loos, M., Gutmann, D. H., Smit, A. B., & Verheijen, M. H. G. (2012) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.12-205807 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Interleukin-17 (IL-17)-induced MicroRNA 873 (miR-873) Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Targeting A20 Ubiquitin-editing Enzyme
Liu, X., He, F., Pang, R., Zhao, D., Qiu, W., Shan, K., Zhang, J., Lu, Y., Li, Y., & Wang, Y. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m114.577429 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Multiple Sclerosis
Luchetti, S., van Eden, C. G., Schuurman, K. G., van Strien, M. E., Swaab, D. F., & Huitinga, I. (2014) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0000000000000037 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Expression of iron homeostasis proteins in the spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and their implications for iron accumulation
Zarruk, J. G., Berard, J. L., dos Santos, R. P., Kroner, A., Lee, J., Arosio, P., & David, S. (2015) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.001 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Central nervous system rather than immune cell-derived BDNF mediates axonal protective effects early in autoimmune demyelination
Lee, D.-H., Geyer, E., Flach, A., Jung, K., Gold, R., Flügel, A., Linker, R. A., & Lühder, F. (2011) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0890-3 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Markers of Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis
Llufriú, S., Kornak, J., Ratiney, H., Oh, J., Brenneman, D., Cree, B., Sampat, M. P., Hauser, S. L., Nelson, S. J., & Pelletier, D. (2014) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.895 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cell-selective knockout and 3D confocal image analysis reveals separate roles for astrocyte-and endothelial-derived CCL2 in neuroinflammation
Paul, D., Ge, S., Lemire, Y., Jellison, E. R., Serwanski, D. R., Ruddle, N. H., & Pachter, J. S. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-10 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Production of IL ‐27 in multiple sclerosis lesions by astrocytes and myeloid cells: Modulation of local immune responses
Sénécal, V., Deblois, G., Beauseigle, D., Schneider, R., Brandenburg, J., Newcombe, J., Moore, C. S., Prat, A., Antel, J. P., & Arbour, N. (2015) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22948 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Angiogenesis is present in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and pro-angiogenic factors are increased in multiple sclerosis lesions
Seabrook, T. J., Littlewood-Evans, A., Brinkmann, V., Pöllinger, B., Schnell, C., & HIESTAND, P. C. (2010) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-7-95 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The selective anti-IL17A monoclonal antibody secukinumab (AIN457) attenuates IL17A-induced levels of IL6 in human astrocytes
Elain, G., Jeanneau, K., Rutkowska, A., Mir, A. K., & Dev, K. K. (2014) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22637 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Expression of TWEAK and Its Receptor Fn14 in the Multiple Sclerosis Brain: Implications for Inflammatory Tissue Injury
Serafini, B., Magliozzi, R., Rosicarelli, B., Reynolds, R., Zheng, T. S., & Aloisi, F. (2008) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e31818dab90 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
GFAP in early multiple sclerosis: A biomarker for inflammation
Kassubek, R., Gorges, M., Schocke, M. F. H., Hagenston, V. A. M., Huss, A. M., Ludolph, A. C., Kassubek, J., & Tumani, H. (2017) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.050 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Silencing IFN-γ binding/signaling in astrocytes vs. microglia leads to opposite effects on CNS autoimmunity
Ding, X., Yan, Y.-P., Li, X., Li, K., Ciric, B., Yang, J.-X., Zhang, Y., Wu, S., Xu, H., Chen, W.-J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1303321 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Macroglial Plasticity and the Origins of Reactive Astroglia in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Guo, F., Maeda, Y., Ma, J., Delgado, M., Sohn, J., Miers, L. A., Ko, E. M., Bannerman, P. G. C., Xu, J., Wang, Y., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1759-11.2011 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Bioluminescence in vivo imaging of autoimmune encephalomyelitis predicts disease
Luo, J., Ho, P. P.-K., Steinman, L., & Wyss‐Coray, T. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Oligodendrocyte Gap Junction Loss and Disconnection From Reactive Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis Gray Matter
Markoullis, K., Sargiannidou, I., Schiza, N., Roncaroli, F., Reynolds, R., & Kleopa, K. A. (2014) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0000000000000106 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Astrocytic F as ligand expression is required to induce T ‐cell apoptosis and recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Wang, X., Haroon, F., Karray, S., Deckert, M., & Schlüter, D. (2012) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201242679 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Nitric oxide synthase expression and enzymatic activity in multiple sclerosis
Broholm, H., Andersen, B., Wanscher, B., Frederiksen, J. L., Rubin, I., Pakkenberg, B., Larsson, H., & Lauritzen, M. (2004) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2004.00207.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Early disruption of glial communication via connexin gap junction in multiple sclerosis, B aló's disease and neuromyelitis optica
Masaki, K. (2015) · Neuropathology · doi:10.1111/neup.12211 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Interleukin-33 is released in spinal cord and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice
Chen, H.-Z., Sun, Y. T., Lai, L., Wu, H., Xiao, Y., Ming, B., Gao, M., Zou, H., Xiong, P., Xu, Y., et al. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.019 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the evaluation of the natural history of multiple sclerosis.
Arnold, D. L., Wolinsky, J. S., Matthews, P. M., & Falini, A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 54 · see citing works
PRDX6 controls multiple sclerosis by suppressing inflammation and blood brain barrier disruption
Yun, H., Park, K., Kim, E.-C., & Hong, J. T. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5205 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sequence of tissue responses in the early stages of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE): Immunohistochemical, light microscopic, and ultrastructural observations in the spinal cord
D'Amelio, F. E., Smith, M. E., & Eng, L. F. (1990) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440030402 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Myelin-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: tumor necrosis factor α levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid Immunohistochemical expression in glial cells and macrophages of optic nerve and spinal cord
Villarroya, H., Violleau, K., Younes‐Chennoufi, A. B., & Baumann, N. (1996) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(95)00151-4 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Increase in chemokine CXCL1 by ERβ ligand treatment is a key mediator in promoting axon myelination
Karim, H., Kim, S. H., Lapato, A. S., Yasui, N., Katzenellenbogen, J. A., & Tiwari-Woodruff, S. K. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1721732115 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Stimulation-Induced Increases of Astrocytic Oxidative Metabolism in Rats and Humans Investigated with 1- 11 C-Acetate
Wyss, M. T., Weber, B., Treyer, V., Heer, S., Pellerin, L., Magistretti, P. J., & Buck, A. (2008) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2008.86 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Induced CNS expression of CXCL1 augments neurologic disease in a murine model of multiple sclerosis via enhanced neutrophil recruitment
Grist, J. J., Marro, B. S., Skinner, D. D., Syage, A. R., Worne, C. L., Doty, D. J., Fujinami, R. S., & Lane, T. E. (2018) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201747442 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Changes of NGF Presence in Nonneuronal Cells in Response to Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats
Micera, A., Vigneti, E., & Aloe, L. (1998) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1998.6864 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Discrepancy in CCL2 and CCR2 expression in white versus grey matter hippocampal lesions of Multiple Sclerosis patients
Prins, M., Dutta, R., Baselmans, B. M. L., Brevé, J. J. P., Bol, J. G. J. M., Deckard, S. A., van der Valk, P., Amor, S., Trapp, B. D., de Vries, H. E., et al. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0098-6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
IL-17-triggered downregulation of miR-497 results in high HIF-1α expression and consequent IL-1β and IL-6 production by astrocytes in EAE mice
Shan, K., Pang, R., Zhao, C., Liu, X., Gao, W., Zhang, J., Zhao, D., Wang, Y., & Qiu, W. (2017) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/cmi.2017.12 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The astrocytic response in early experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis occurs across both the grey and white matter compartments
Pham, H., Ramp, A. A., Klonis, N., Ng, S. W., Klopstein, A., Ayers, M. M., & Orian, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.12.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Expression of the Antioxidative Enzyme Peroxiredoxin 2 in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions in Relation to Inflammation
Voigt, D., Scheidt, U., Derfuss, T. J., Brück, W., & Junker, A. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18040760 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Peroxiredoxin V in multiple sclerosis lesions: predominant expression by astrocytes
Holley, J. E., Newcombe, J., Winyard, P. G., & Gutowski, N. J. (2007) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458507078064 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
11C-Acetate PET Imaging in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Takata, K., Kato, H., Shimosegawa, E., Okuno, T., Koda, T., Sugimoto, T., Mochizuki, H., Hatazawa, J., & Nakatsuji, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111598 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Precision Medicine in Multiple Sclerosis: Future of PET Imaging of Inflammation and Reactive Astrocytes
Poutiainen, P., Jaronen, M., Quintana, F. J., & Brownell, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00085 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Roles for HB‐EGF and CD9 in multiple sclerosis
Schenk, G. J., Dijkstra, S., Hof, A. J. V. H., van der Pol, S. M. A., Drexhage, J., van der Valk, P., Reijerkerk, A., van Horssen, J., & de Vries, H. E. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22565 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Brain Metabolite Changes in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study
Obert, D., Helms, G., Sättler, M. B., Jung, K., Kretzschmar, B., Bähr, M., Dechent, P., Diem, R., & Hein, K. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162583 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Upregulation of ADAM-17 expression in active lesions in multiple sclerosis
Plumb, J., McQuaid, S., Cross, A. K., Surr, J., Haddock, G., Bunning, R. A. D., & Woodroofe, M. N. (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/135248506ms1276oa · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Astrocytic IL-6 Influences the Clinical Symptoms of EAE in Mice
Erta, M., Giralt, M., Jiménez, S., Molinero, A., Comes, G., & Hidalgo, J. (2016) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci6020015 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance markers of tissue damage related to connectivity disruption in multiple sclerosis
Solana, E., Martínez‐Heras, E., Martínez‐Lapiscina, E. H., Sepúlveda, M., Solà‐Valls, N., Bargalló, N., Berenguer, J., Blanco, Y., Andorrà, M., Valdeolivas, I. P., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.012 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Proton MR spectroscopy of lesion evolution in multiple sclerosis: Steady‐state metabolism and its relationship to conventional imaging
Kirov, I. I., Liu, S., Tal, A., Wu, W. E., Davitz, M. S., Babb, J. S., Rusinek, H., Herbert, J., & Gonen, O. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23647 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Pathophysiology of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability Throughout the Different Stages of Ischemic Stroke and Its Implication on Hemorrhagic Transformation and Recovery
Bernardo-Castro, S., Sousa, J. A., Brás, A., Cecília, C., Rodrigues, B., Almendra, L., Machado, C., Santo, G., da Silva, F. A. D. A., Ferreira, L., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.594672 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
A computational tool (H-MAGMA) for improved prediction of brain-disorder risk genes by incorporating brain chromatin interaction profiles
Sey, N. Y. A., Hu, B., Mah, W., Fauni, H., McAfee, J. C., Rajarajan, P., Brennand, K. J., Akbarian, S., & Won, H. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-0603-0 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Astrocytes: a double-edged sword in neurodegenerative diseases
Ding, Z.-B., Song, L., Wang, Q., Kumar, G., Yan, Y.-Q., & Kumar, G. (2021) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.306064 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
T Helper Cells: The Modulators of Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis
Kunkl, M., Frascolla, S., Amormino, C., Volpe, E., & Tuosto, L. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9020482 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Detrimental and protective action of microglial extracellular vesicles on myelin lesions: astrocyte involvement in remyelination failure
Lombardi, M., Parolisi, R., Scaroni, F., Bonfanti, E., Gualerzi, A., Gabrielli, M., de Rosbo, N. K., Uccelli, A., Giussani, P., Viani, P., et al. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-019-02049-1 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters in Physiology and Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Malik, A. R., & Willnow, T. E. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20225671 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Blood–brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: causes, consequences, and potential effects of therapies
Zierfuss, B., Larochelle, C., & Prat, A. (2023) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00377-0 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The role of glial cells in multiple sclerosis disease progression
Healy, L. M., Stratton, J. A., Kuhlmann, T., & Antel, J. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00624-x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Activation in the Brain in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Diz-Chaves, Y., Mastoor, Z., Spuch, C., González-Matías, L. C., & Mallo, F. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23179583 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Activated microglia drive demyelination via <scp>CSF1R</scp> signaling
Marzan, D. E., Brügger‐Verdon, V., West, B. L., Liddelow, S., Samanta, J., & Salzer, J. L. (2021) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23980 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Astrocytes function in concert with microglia to amplify inflammation in demyelination (Brambilla, 2019; Moreno et al., 2014; Raasch et al., 2011; van Loo et al., 2006) and are a source of soluble factors toxic to neurons and oligodendrocytes (Guttenplan et al., 2020; Liddelow et al., 2017).”
Background
Immunological dimensions of neuroinflammation and microglial activation: exploring innovative immunomodulatory approaches to mitigate neuroinflammatory progression
Laurindo, L. F., Dias, J. A., Araújo, A. C., Pomini, K. T., Galhardi, C. M., Detregiachi, C. R. P., Haber, L. S. D. A., Roque, D. D., Bechara, M. D., de Castro, M. V. M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305933 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention
Boutitah-Benyaich, I., Eixarch, H., Villacieros‐Álvarez, J., Hervera, A., Cobo‐Calvo, Á., Montalbán, X., & Espejo, C. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02415-4 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
TGF-β as a Key Modulator of Astrocyte Reactivity: Disease Relevance and Therapeutic Implications
Luo, J. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10051206 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Inflammation in multiple sclerosis: consequences for remyelination and disease progression
Klotz, L., Antel, J. P., & Kuhlmann, T. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00801-6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Oligodendrocytes and Microglia: Key Players in Myelin Development, Damage and Repair
Kalafatakis, I., & Karagogeos, D. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11071058 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Potential Neuroprotective Effect of the HMGB1 Inhibitor Glycyrrhizin in Neurological Disorders
Paudel, Y. N., Angelopoulou, E., Semple, B. D., Piperi, C., Othman, I., & Shaikh, M. F. (2020) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00640 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A dual effect of ursolic acid to the treatment of multiple sclerosis through both immunomodulation and direct remyelination
Zhang, Y., Li, X., Ćirić, B., Curtis, M. T., Chen, W., Rostami, A. M., & Zhang, G. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2000208117 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
NF-κB Signaling and Inflammation—Drug Repurposing to Treat Inflammatory Disorders?
Roberti, A., Chaffey, L., & Greaves, D. R. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11030372 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Complement component 3 from astrocytes mediates retinal ganglion cell loss during neuroinflammation
Gharagozloo, M., Smith, M. D., Jin, J., Garton, T. P., Taylor, M., Chao, A. K., Meyers, K. R., Kornberg, M. D., Zack, D. J., Ohayon, J. M., et al. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02366-4 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Astrocyte-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Neurological Conditions
Zhao, Y., Huang, Y., Cao, Y., & Yang, J. H. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14101204 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Neurological Disorders: A Comprehensive Review
Nakhal, M. M., Yassin, L. K., Alyaqoubi, R., Saeed, S., Alderei, A., Alhammadi, A., Alshehhi, M., Almehairbi, A., Houqani, S. A., BaniYas, S., et al. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14101234 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The beneficial role of autophagy in multiple sclerosis: Yes or No?
Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Jabir, M. S., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Saad, ‏. M., Batiha, G. E., & Klionsky, D. J. (2023) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2023.2259281 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation in multiple sclerosis
(2020) · Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.08.007 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Oligodendrocytes modulate the immune-inflammatory response in EAE via TNFR2 signaling
Madsen, P. M., Desu, H. L., Vaccari, J. P. D. R., Florimon, Y., Ellman, D. G., Keane, R. W., Clausen, B. H., Lambertsen, K. L., & Brambilla, R. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.017 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
Astrocyte-Derived Paracrine Signals: Relevance for Neurogenic Niche Regulation and Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity
Spampinato, S., Bortolotto, V., Canonico, P., Sortino, M., & Grilli, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01346 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cross-Talk of the CNS With Immune Cells and Functions in Health and Disease
Matejuk, A., Vandenbark, A. A., & Offner, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.672455 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Neuroimmunological Disease
Shimizu, F., & Nakamori, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms251910625 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Glial pathology and retinal neurotoxicity in the anterior visual pathway in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Jin, J., Smith, M. D., Kersbergen, C. J., Kam, T., Viswanathan, M., Martin, K. A., Dawson, T. M., Dawson, V. L., Zack, D. J., Whartenby, K. A., et al. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0767-6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis—Essential Constituents with Diverse Multifaceted Functions
Aharoni, R., Eilam, R., & Arnon, R. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22115904 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The astrocyte transcriptome in EAE optic neuritis shows complement activation and reveals a sex difference in astrocytic C3 expression
Tassoni, A., Farkhondeh, V., Itoh, Y., Itoh, N., Sofroniew, M. V., & Voskuhl, R. R. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46232-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Microglial Pruning: Relevance for Synaptic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Experimental Models
Geloso, M. C., & D’Ambrosi, N. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10030686 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Emerging roles of astrocytes in blood-brain barrier disruption upon amyloid-beta insults in Alzheimer’s disease
Yue, Q., & Hoi, M. P. M. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.367832 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cholinergic Modulation of the Immune System in Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Reale, M., & Costantini, E. (2021) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases9020029 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Retinal pathology in experimental optic neuritis is characterized by retrograde degeneration and gliosis
Manogaran, P., Samardzija, M., Schad, A. N., Wicki, C., Walker-Egger, C., Rudin, M., Grimm, C., & Schippling, S. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0768-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Neural stem cells derived from primitive mesenchymal stem cells reversed disease symptoms and promoted neurogenesis in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Brown, C., McKee, C., Halassy, S., Kojan, S. M., Feinstein, D. L., & Chaudhry, G. R. (2021) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-021-02563-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Targeting AhR as a Novel Therapeutic Modality against Inflammatory Diseases
Cannon, A. S., Nagarkatti, P. S., & Nagarkatti, M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23010288 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The role of prolactin in central nervous system inflammation
Ramos-Martínez, E. G., Ramos-Martínez, I. E., Molina-Salinas, G., Zepeda-Ruiz, W. A., & Cerbón, M. (2021) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2020-0082 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Immune System Dysregulation in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Implications
Khan, Z., Mehan, S., Gupta, G. D., & Narula, A. S. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Regulation and signaling of the GPR17 receptor in oligodendroglial cells
Lecca, D., Raffaele, S., Abbracchio, M. P., & Fumagalli, M. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23807 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Role of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Reflex in Central Nervous System Diseases
Ramos-Martínez, I. E., Rodriguez, M. C., Cerbón, M. A., Ramos-Martínez, J. C., & Ramos-Martínez, E. G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413427 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation, the thread connecting neurological disease
Brambilla, R. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-019-02009-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
Synaptic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: A Red Thread from Inflammation to Network Disconnection
Bellingacci, L., Mancini, A., Gaetani, L., Tozzi, A., Parnetti, L., & Filippo, M. D. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22189753 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The AIM2 inflammasome is activated in astrocytes during the late phase of EAE
Barclay, W. E., Aggarwal, N., Deerhake, M. E., Inoue, M., Nonaka, T., Nozaki, K., Luzum, N. A., Miao, E. A., & Shinohara, M. L. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.155563 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Modulation of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the CNS by matrine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Chu, Y., Jing, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, M., Zhang, M., Ma, R., Ma, W., Lv, Y., & Zhu, L. D. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577480 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis
das Neves, S. P., Sousa, J. C., Sousa, N., Cerqueira, J., & Marques, F. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23940 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Functional Roles of Curcumin on Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Mohammadi, A., Colagar, A. H., Khorshidian, A., & Amini, S. M. (2021) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000517901 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dynamic Responses of Microglia in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis
Plastini, M. J., Desu, H. L., & Brambilla, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00269 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
Human Commensal Prevotella histicola Ameliorates Disease as Effectively as Interferon-Beta in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Shahi, S. K., Jensen, S. N., Murra, A. C., Tang, N., Guo, H., Gibson-Corley, K. N., Zhang, J., Karandikar, N. J., Murray, J. A., & Mangalam, A. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.578648 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ginsenoside Rg1 Ameliorates Neuroinflammation via Suppression of Connexin43 Ubiquitination to Attenuate Depression
Wang, H., Yang, Y., Yang, S., Ren, S., Feng, J., Liu, Y., Chen, H., & Chen, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.709019 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit and Attenuates Neuroinflammation via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Alzheimer’s-Like Disease Model
Stekić, A., Zeljković, M., Kontić, M. Z., Mihajlović, K., Adžić, M., Stevanović, I. D., Ninković, M., Grković, I., Ilic, T. V., Nedeljković, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.889983 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray Ameliorated High-Fructose Diet-Induced Neuroinflammation through the Promotion of the Integrity of the Intestinal Barrier and the Proliferation of Lactobacillus
Peng, Y., Dong, W., Chen, G., Mi, J., Lu, L., Xie, Z., Xu, W., Zhou, W., Sun, Y., Zeng, X., et al. (2023) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06713 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pathology of inflammatory diseases of the nervous system: Human disease versus animal models
Lassmann, H. (2019) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23726 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
SIRT1 inactivation switches reactive astrocytes to an antiinflammatory phenotype in CNS autoimmunity
Zhang, W., Xiao, D., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Rasouli, J., Casella, G., Boehm, A., Hwang, D., Ishikawa, L. L. W., Thomé, R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci151803 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The food and medicine homologous Chinese Medicine from Leguminosae species: A comprehensive review on bioactive constituents with neuroprotective effects on nervous system
Ye, X., Tian, W., Wang, G., Lin, K., Zhu, S.-X., Xia, Y., Sun, B., Shu, X., Liu, W., & Chen, H. (2024) · Food & medicine homology. · doi:10.26599/fmh.2025.9420033 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Neuroimmune System as a Driving Force for Plasticity Following CNS Injury
O’Reilly, M. L., & Tom, V. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00187 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Potential Utility of Natural Products against Oxidative Stress in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis
Zha, Z., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Li, C., & Wang, L. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11081495 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Activation of FXR by ganoderic acid A promotes remyelination in multiple sclerosis via anti-inflammation and regeneration mechanism
Jia, Y., Zhang, D., Li, H., Luo, S., Xiao, Y., Li, H., Zhou, F., Wang, C., Feng, L., Wang, G., et al. (2021) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114422 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
TNFR2 Signaling Regulates the Immunomodulatory Function of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells
Desu, H. L., Illiano, P., Choi, J. S., Ascona, M. C., Gao, H., Lee, J. K., & Brambilla, R. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10071785 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Unraveling the Heterogeneity of Astrocytes
Santiago-Balmaseda, A., Aguirre-Orozco, A., Valenzuela-Arzeta, I. E., Villegas-Rojas, M. M., Pérez‐Segura, I., Jiménez-Barrios, N., Hurtado-Robles, E., Rodríguez-Hernández, L. D., Rivera-German, E. R., Guerra‐Crespo, M., et al. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13110921 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Quercetin as a possible complementary therapy in multiple sclerosis: Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and remyelination potential properties
Javanbakht, P., Yazdi, F. R., Taghizadeh, F., Khadivi, F., Hamidabadi, H. G., Kashani, I. R., Zarini, D., & Mojaverrostami, S. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21741 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Role of the neurovascular unit in the process of cerebral ischemic injury
Zhao, Y. S., Yang, J., Li, C., Zhou, G., Wan, H., Ding, Z., Wan, H., & Zhou, H. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105103 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Astrocytes and Inflammatory T Helper Cells: A Dangerous Liaison in Multiple Sclerosis
Kunkl, M., Amormino, C., Tedeschi, V., Fiorillo, M. T., & Tuosto, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.824411 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid reduces astrocytic neuroinflammation and alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice
Xu, N., Bai, Y., Han, X., Yuan, J., Wang, L., He, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, H., Shi, H., & Wu, X. (2023) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152388 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cytokines and biological markers in autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy: The potential role for pathogenesis and therapeutic implications
Kimura, A., Takemura, M., Yamamoto, Y., Hayashi, Y., Saito, K., & Shimohata, T. (2019) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576999 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
IL-9-triggered lncRNA Gm13568 regulates Notch1 in astrocytes through interaction with CBP/P300: contribute to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Liu, X., Zhou, F., Wang, W., Chen, G., Zhang, Q. C., Lv, R., Zhao, Z., Li, X., Yu, Q., Meves, J. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02156-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Efficacy on inflammatory-based disorders
Parolini, C. (2020) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118591 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors
Choi, J. H., Oh, J., Lee, M. J., Ko, S., Nah, S.-Y., & Cho, I. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.004 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Neuroinflammatory Reactions in the Brain of 1,2-DCE-Intoxicated Mice during Brain Edema
Jin, X., Wang, T., Liao, Y., Guo, J., Wang, G., Zhao, F., & Jin, Y. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8090987 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4
Lee, M. J., Choi, J. H., Oh, J., Lee, Y. H., In, J.-G., Chang, B., Nah, S.-Y., & Cho, I. (2020) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effects of Peroral Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial—The OmegAD Study
Tofiq, A., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., Basun, H., Cederholm, T., Eriksdotter, M., Irving, G. F., Hjorth, E., Jernerén, F., Schultzberg, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
PET imaging of reactive astrocytes in neurological disorders
Liu, Y., Jiang, H., Qin, X., Tian, M., & Zhang, H. (2021) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-021-05640-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Short-chain fatty acids suppresses astrocyte activation by amplifying Trp-AhR-AQP4 signaling in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice
Lin, X., Peng, Y., Guo, Z., He, W., Guo, W., Feng, J., Lin, L., Liu, Q., & Xu, P. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-024-05332-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Paudel, Y. N., Angelopoulou, E., Bhuvan, K. C., Piperi, C., & Othman, I. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116924 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Involvement of Astrocytes and microRNA Dysregulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Potential
Bai, Y., Su, X., Piao, L., Jin, Z., & Jin, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2021.556215 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Microbiota‐Gut‐Brain Connection: A New Horizon in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Faysal, M. F., Zehravi, M., Sutradhar, B., Amin, M. A., Shanmugarajan, T. S., Arjun, U. V. N. V., Ethiraj, S., Durairaj, A., Dayalan, G., Ahamad, S. K., et al. (2025) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70593 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Control of complex behavior by astrocytes and microglia
Ortinski, P. I., Reissner, K. J., Turner, J. R., Anderson, T. L., & Scimemi, A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104651 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Synapse Dysfunctions in Multiple Sclerosis
Schwarz, K., & Schmitz, F. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021639 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Lomerizine inhibits LPS-mediated neuroinflammation and tau hyperphosphorylation by modulating NLRP3, DYRK1A, and GSK3α/β
Park, J.-H., Hwang, J.-W., Lee, H., Jang, G. M., Jeong, Y. J., Cho, J., Seo, J., & Hoe, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1150940 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Myelin debris phagocytosis in demyelinating disease
Gao, R., Song, S., Tian, M., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., & Li, X. (2024) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24602 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Oxidative stress involvement in the molecular pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis: a literature review
Sanabria‐Castro, A., Alape‐Girón, A., Flores-Dı́az, M., Echeverri-McCandless, A., & Parajeles, A. (2024) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2023-0091 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Autoimmune Disease and Primary Brain Tumors: The Quest for Striking the Right Balance
Mitchell, D. K., Shireman, J. M., Potchanant, E. A. S., Lara-Velazquez, M. A., & Dey, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.716947 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Experimental autoimmune encephalopathy (EAE)-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and memory deficits are prevented with the non-opioid TLR2/TLR4 antagonist (+)-naltrexone
Kwilasz, A., Todd, L., Duran-Malle, J. C., Schrama, A. E., Mitten, E., Larson, T. A., Clements, M., Harris, K. M., Litwiler, S., Wang, X.-H., et al. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112896 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neuregulin-1 beta 1 is implicated in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Kataria, H., Hart, C. G., Alizadeh, A., Cossoy, M. B., Kaushik, D. K., Bernstein, C. N., Marrie, R. A., Yong, V. W., & Karimi‐Abdolrezaee, S. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa385 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Metanil yellow promotes oxidative stress, astrogliosis, and apoptosis in the cerebellar cortex of adult male rat with possible protective effect of scutellarin: A histological and immunohistochemical study
Tawfeek, S. E., Shalaby, A. M., Alabiad, M. A., Albackoosh, A.-A. A. A., Albakoush, K. M. M., & Omira, M. M. A. (2021) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2021.101624 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Extracellular vesicles as contributors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Zamboni, S., D’Ambrosio, A., & Margutti, P. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104554 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Glial Cell Dynamics in Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms, Interactions, and Therapeutic Implications
García‐Domínguez, M. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14010115 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Platelets, Thromboinflammation and Neurovascular Disease
Sun, Y., & Langer, H. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.843404 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cytokines, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, and PlGF in Autoimmunity: Insights From Rheumatoid Arthritis to Multiple Sclerosis
Lee, Y., Lee, S., & Kim, W. (2024) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2024.24.e10 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Matrine treatment induced an A2 astrocyte phenotype and protected the blood-brain barrier in CNS autoimmunity
Jing, Y., Ma, R., Chu, Y., Dou, M., Wang, M., Li, X., & Zhu, L. D. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on multiple sclerosis: focus on immune cells
Zong, B., Yu, F., Zhang, X., Zhao, W., Li, S., & Li, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260663 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Compelling Role of Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis: Role of BDNF Activators
Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Sulaiman, G. M., Mohammed, H. A., Albukhaty, S., Albuhadily, A. K., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Klionsky, D. J., & Abomughaid, M. M. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70167 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1–3 deteriorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing oxidative stress
Choi, J. H., Oh, J., Lee, M. J., Bae, H., Ko, S., Nah, S.-Y., & Cho, I. (2021) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02278-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effects of bornyl acetate on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via anti-inflammatory effects and maintaining blood-brain-barrier integrity
Lee, J.-I., Choi, J., Kwon, T.-W., Jo, H.-S., Kim, D.-G., Ko, S., Song, G. J., & Cho, I. (2022) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154569 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Central nervous system‐infiltrated immune cells induce calcium increase in astrocytes via astroglial purinergic signaling
Bijelić, D. D., Milicevic, K. D., Lazarević, M. N., Miljković, D. M., Pristov, J. B., Savić, D. Z., Petković, B. B., Anđjus, P. R., Momčilović, M. B., & Nikolic, L. M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24699 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Astrocyte phenotypes: Emphasis on potential markers in neuroinflammation.
Bozic, I. D., Savić, D. Z., & Lavrnja, I. C. (2021) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-18-284 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effects of biological sex and pregnancy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: It’s complicated
McCombe, P., & Greer, J. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059833 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Antagonizing astrocytic platelet activating factor receptor-neuroinflammation for total flavone of epimedium in response to cuprizone demyelination
Meng-Ru, Z., Sui, R., Ming-Yang, Y., Tong, T., Zhang, L., Yang, Y., & Bao-Guo, X. (2021) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108181 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
DHA and EPA alleviate depressive-like behaviors in chronic sleep-deprived mice: Involvement of iron metabolism, oligodendrocyte-lipids peroxidation and the LCN2-NLRP3 signaling axis
Chen, L., Yang, Y., Zhang, N., Che, H., Wang, Z., Han, J., & Wen, M. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.10.298 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Effects of Fingolimod Supplement on the Retina and Optic Nerve in the Mouse Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Yang, T., Zha, Z., Yang, X. C., Kang, Y., Wang, X., Tong, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, L., & Fan, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.663541 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Depression of Pyroptosis by Inhibiting Caspase-1 Activation Improves Neurological Outcomes of Kernicterus Model Rats
Li, S., Huang, H., Wei, Q., He, C., Feng, J., Wang, Y., Li, M., Zhang, Q., Xia, X., & Hua, Z. (2021) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00287 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Star-shaped cells illuminating the darkness of CNS autoimmunity
Yi, W., Schlüter, D., & Wang, X. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.029 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis: A product of their environment
Nair, A., Frederick, T., & Miller, S. D. (2008) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8059-5 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Astrocytes in the tempest of multiple sclerosis
Miljković, D. M., Timotijević, G. S., & Stojković, M. M. (2011) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.047 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis
das Neves, S. P., Sousa, J. C., Sousa, N., Cerqueira, J., & Marques, F. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23940 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis—Essential Constituents with Diverse Multifaceted Functions
Aharoni, R., Eilam, R., & Arnon, R. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22115904 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Authors: Brambilla, R.
Affiliations: University of Miami (US)
Corresponding author: Brambilla, Roberta
ORCID: Brambilla, Roberta
Venue: Acta Neuropathologica
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-03-07
Volume: 137
Issue: 5
Pages: 757-783
ISSN: 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
1432-0533
DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01980-7
PMC: PMC6483860
OpenAlex: W2921019730
Cited by: 246
References: 205
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 17 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 4.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: other-oa
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (1R01NS094522-01)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS PP-1804-30716)
Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (FISM 2015/R/7)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spinal Cord Injury Research
Keywords: astrocytes, neuroinflammation, multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, astroglial activation, cytokines, chemokines, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier integrity, autoimmunity
MeSH terms: Animals, Astrocytes, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Humans, Inflammation, Multiple Sclerosis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The contribution of astrocytes to the neuroinflammatory response in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks