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Early resistance training-induced increases in muscle cross-sectional area are concomitant with edema-induced muscle swelling

Damas, Felipe, Phillips, Stuart M., Lixandrão, Manoel E., Vechin, Felipe C., Libardi, Cleiton A., Roschel, Hamilton, Tricoli, Valmor, Ugrinowitsch, Carlos·2016·European Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1007/s00421-015-3243-4

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Abstract

Purpose It has been proposed that skeletal muscle shows signs of resistance training (RT)-induced muscle hypertrophy much earlier (i.e., ~3-4 weeks of RT) than previously thought. We determined if early increases in whole muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) during a period of RT were concomitant with edematous muscle swelling and thus not completely attributable to hypertrophy. Methods We analyzed vastus lateralis muscle ultrasound CSA images and their respective echo intensities (CSA-USecho) at the beginning (T1), in the 3rd week of RT (T2) and at the end (T3) of a 10-week RT period in ten untrained young men. Functional parameters [training volume (TV = load × reps × sets) and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] and muscle damage markers (myoglobin and interleukin-6) were also assessed. Result Muscle CSA increased significantly at T2 (~2.7%) and T3 (~10.4%) versus T1. Similarly, CSA-USecho increased at T2 (~17.2%) and T3 (~13.7%). However, when CSA-USecho was normalized to the increase in muscle CSA, only T2 showed a significantly higher USecho versus T1. Additionally, TV increased at T2 and T3 versus T1, but MVC increased only at T3. Myoglobin and Interleukin-6 were elevated at T2 versus T1, and myoglobin was also higher at T2 versus T3. Conclusion We propose that early RT-induced increases in muscle CSA in untrained young individuals are not purely hypertrophy, since there is concomitant edema-induced muscle swelling, probably due to muscle damage, which may account for a large proportion of the increase. Therefore, muscle CSA increases (particularly early in an RT program) should not be labeled as hypertrophy without some concomitant measure of muscle edema/damage.

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Authors: Damas, F., Phillips, S. M., Lixandrão, M. E., Vechin, F. C., Libardi, C. A., Roschel, H., Tricoli, V., & Ugrinowitsch, C.
Affiliations: Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
McMaster University (CA)
Universidade Federal de São Carlos (BR)
Corresponding author: Damas, Felipe
ORCID: Damas, Felipe
Phillips, Stuart M.
Lixandrão, Manoel E.
Vechin, Felipe C.
Libardi, Cleiton A.
Roschel, Hamilton
Tricoli, Valmor
Ugrinowitsch, Carlos
Venue: European Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-08-18
Volume: 116
Issue: 1
Pages: 49-56
ISSN: 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
1439-6319
1439-6327
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3243-4
OpenAlex: W1137757416
Cited by: 202
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 14.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2012/24499-1, 2014/19594-0, 2013/21218-4)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (304205/2011-7, 307023/2014-1)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords: resistance training, muscle hypertrophy, muscle cross-sectional area, muscle edema, muscle swelling, echo intensity, vastus lateralis, muscle damage, myoglobin, interleukin-6, training volume, maximal voluntary contraction, untrained young men
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Edema, Humans, Hypertrophy, Male, Muscle Contraction, Muscular Diseases, Weight Lifting, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Quadriceps Muscle, Resistance Training

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Early resistance training-induced increases in muscle cross-sectional area are concomitant with edema-induced muscle swelling

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