The impact of protein quality on the promotion of resistance exercise-induced changes in muscle mass

Phillips, Stuart M.

doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0124-8

Cited by 168Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersSports Performance and Training

The impact of protein quality on the promotion of resistance exercise-induced changes in muscle mass

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Phillips, Stuart M.·2016·Nutrition & Metabolism

DOI 10.1186/s12986-016-0124-8PMC PMC5041535

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Abstract

Protein supplementation during resistance exercise training augments hypertrophic gains. Protein ingestion and the resultant hyperaminoacidemia provides the building blocks (indispensable amino acids - IAA) for, and also triggers an increase in, muscle protein synthesis (MPS), suppression of muscle protein breakdown (MPB), and net positive protein balance (i.e., MPS > MPB). The key amino acid triggering the rise in MPS is leucine, which stimulates the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1, a key signalling protein, and triggers a rise in MPS. As such, ingested proteins with a high leucine content would be advantageous in triggering a rise in MPS. Thus, protein quality (reflected in IAA content and protein digestibility) has an impact on changes in MPS and could ultimately affect skeletal muscle mass. Protein quality has been measured by the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS); however, the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) has been recommended as a better method for protein quality scoring. Under DIAAS there is the recognition that amino acids are individual nutrients and that protein quality is contingent on IAA content and ileal (as opposed to fecal) digestibility. Differences in protein quality may have important ramifications for exercise-induced changes in muscle mass gains made with resistance exercise as well as muscle remodelling. Thus, the purpose of this review is a critical appraisal of studies examining the effects of protein quality in supplementation on changes in muscle mass and strength as well as body composition during resistance training.

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Collagen provides an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic comparison and has shown considerable anabolic properties in older adults, though these have been questioned.
“We selected collagen as a comparator as it provides an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic comparison (as opposed to carbohydrate, which is often used) (16), and as it has shown considerable and impressive anabolic properties in older adults (17) [which have been questioned (18)].”
From A randomized controlled trial of the impact of protein supplementation on leg lean mass and integrated muscle protein synthesis during inactivity and energy restriction in older persons (2018) · cites this paper as [16]

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Protein coingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis during resistance-type exercise
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Influence of cow or goat milk consumption on antioxidant defence and lipid peroxidation during chronic iron repletion
Díaz‐Castro, J., Pérez-Sánchez, L. J., López-Frías, M. R., López‐Aliaga, I., Nestares, T., Alférez, M. J. M., Ojeda, M. L., & Campos, M. S. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511005204 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Available versus digestible dietary amino acids
Rutherfurd, S. M., & Moughan, P. J. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512002528 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Comparative effects of whey and casein proteins on satiety in overweight and obese individuals: a randomized controlled trial
Pal, S., Radavelli‐Bagatini, S., Hagger, M. S., & Ellis, V. (2014) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.84 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Resistance training with soy vs whey protein supplements in hyperlipidemic males
DeNysschen, C. A., Burton, H. W., Horvath, P. J., Leddy, J. J., & Browne, R. W. (2009) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-6-8 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Rationale for Consuming Protein Blends in Sports Nutrition
Paul, G. L. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10718113 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
What is the relationship between the acute muscle protein synthesis response and changes in muscle mass?
Mitchell, C. J., Churchward‐Venne, T. A., Cameron‐Smith, D., & Phillips, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00609.2014 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Isoflavone-rich soy protein prevents loss of hip lean mass but does not prevent the shift in regional fat distribution in perimenopausal women
Moeller, L. E., Peterson, C. T., Hanson, K. B., Dent, S. B., Lewis, D. S., King, D. S., & Alekel, D. L. (2003) · Menopause · doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000054763.94658.fd · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Time Course of Resistance Training–Induced Muscle Hypertrophy in the Elderly
Lixandrão, M. E., Damas, F., Chacon‐Mikahil, M. P. T., Cavaglieri, C. R., Ugrinowitsch, C., Bottaro, M., VECHIN, F. C., Conceição, M. S., Berton, R. P. D. B., & Libardi, C. A. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001019 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Nutrient interaction for optimal protein anabolism in resistance exercise
Breen, L., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e3283516850 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
High-resistance training and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise
Goreham, C., Green, H. J., Ball-Burnett, M. E., & Ranney, D. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.3.e489 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dietary Protein Quality in Humans—An Overview
Moughan, P. J. (2005) · Journal of AOAC International · doi:10.1093/jaoac/88.3.874 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Last Word on Viewpoint: What is the relationship between the acute muscle protein synthetic response and changes in muscle mass?
Mitchell, C. J., Churchward‐Venne, T. A., Cameron‐Smith, D., & Phillips, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01056.2014 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Periodized Nutrition for Athletes
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0694-2 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research
Collins, J., Maughan, R. J., Gleeson, M., Bilsborough, J., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J. P., Phillips, S. M., Armstrong, L., Burke, L. M., Close, G. L., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citation
Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers
Rogerson, D. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0192-9 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Perspective: Protein Requirements and Optimal Intakes in Aging: Are We Ready to Recommend More Than the Recommended Daily Allowance?
Traylor, D. A., Gorissen, S. H. M., & Phillips, S. M. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy003 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citation
Characterising the muscle anabolic potential of dairy, meat and plant-based protein sources in older adults
Gorissen, S. H. M., & Witard, O. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s002966511700194x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Strategies to Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Role of Protein Intake and Exercise
Rogeri, P. S., Zanella, R., Martins, G. L., Garcia, M. D. A., Leite, G., Lugaresi, R., Gasparini, S. O., Sperandio, G. A., Ferreira, L. H. B., Souza-Junior, T. P., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010052 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption
Churchward‐Venne, T. A., Pinckaers, P. J., van Loon, J. J. A., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux057 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Design future foods using plant protein blends for best nutritional and technological functionality
Jiménez‐Munoz, L., Tavares, G. M., & Corredig, M. (2021) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.049 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin‐mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity
Mechanick, J. I., Butsch, W. S., Christensen, S. M., Hamdy, O., Li, Z., Prado, C. M., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13841 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Probiotic Administration Increases Amino Acid Absorption from Plant Protein: a Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Crossover Study
Jäger, R., Zaragoza, J., Purpura, M., Iametti, S., Marengo, M., Tinsley, G. M., Anzalone, A., Oliver, J., Fiore, W., Biffi, A., et al. (2020) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-020-09656-5 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
High-protein foods and physical activity protect against age-related muscle loss and functional decline
Bradlee, M. L., Mustafa, J., Singer, M. R., & Moore, L. L. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx070 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The Effects of Whey vs. Pea Protein on Physical Adaptations Following 8-Weeks of High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT): A Pilot Study
Banaszek, A., Townsend, J. R., Bender, D., Vantrease, W. C., Marshall, A. C., & Johnson, K. D. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7010012 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mycoprotein ingestion stimulates protein synthesis rates to a greater extent than milk protein in rested and exercised skeletal muscle of healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial
Monteyne, A. J., Coelho, M. O., Porter, C., Abdelrahman, D. R., Jameson, T. S., Jackman, S. R., Blackwell, J. R., Finnigan, T. J., Stephens, F. B., Dirks, M. L., et al. (2020) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa092 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Unconventional food plants: Nutritional aspects and perspectives for industrial applications
Milião, G. L., de Oliveira, A. P. H., Soares, L. D. S., Arruda, T. R., Vieira, É. N. R., & Júnior, B. R. D. C. L. (2022) · Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100124 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Can High-Intensity Interval Training Promote Skeletal Muscle Anabolism?
Callahan, M. J., Parr, E. B., Hawley, J. A., & Camera, D. M. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01397-3 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Summary Points and Consensus Recommendations From the International Protein Summit
Hurt, R. T., McClave, S. A., Martindale, R. G., Ochoa, J. B., Coss‐Bu, J. A., Dickerson, R. N., Heyland, D. K., Hoffer, L. J., Moore, F. A., Morris, C. R., et al. (2017) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533617693610 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaneoic Acid (DHA) in Muscle Damage and Function
Ochi, E., & Tsuchiya, Y. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10050552 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training in elite versus recreational athletes
Aslam, S., Habyarimana, J. D. D., & Bin, S. Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1598149 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of the impact of protein supplementation on leg lean mass and integrated muscle protein synthesis during inactivity and energy restriction in older persons
Oikawa, S. Y., McGlory, C., D'Souza, L. K., Morgan, A. K., Saddler, N. I., Baker, S. K., Parise, G., & Phillips, S. M. (2018) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy193 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation
Amount, Source and Pattern of Dietary Protein Intake Across the Adult Lifespan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Smeuninx, B., Greig, C. A., & Breen, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00025 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A focus on leucine in the nutritional regulation of human skeletal muscle metabolism in ageing, exercise and unloading states
Ely, I. A., Phillips, B. E., Smith, K., Wilkinson, D. J., Piasecki, M., Breen, L., Larsen, M. S., & Atherton, P. J. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.010 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Vegan and omnivorous high protein diets support comparable daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in young adults
Monteyne, A. J., Coelho, M. O. C., Murton, A. J., Abdelrahman, D. R., Blackwell, J. R., Koscien, C. P., Knapp, K. M., Fulford, J., Finnigan, T. J. A., Dirks, M. L., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.023 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Plant-based food patterns to stimulate muscle protein synthesis and support muscle mass in humans: a narrative review
Nichele, S., Phillips, S. M., & Boaventura, B. C. B. (2022) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2021-0806 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation in Athletes: A Systematic Review
Martinho, D. V., Nobari, H., Faria, A., Field, A., Duarte, D., & Sarmento, H. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14194002 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effects of Whey and Pea Protein Supplementation on Post-Eccentric Exercise Muscle Damage: A Randomized Trial
Nieman, D. C., Zwetsloot, K. A., Simonson, A. J., Hoyle, A. T., Wang, X., Nelson, H. K., Lefranc‐Millot, C., & Guérin‐Deremaux, L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082382 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Protein Source and Quality for Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Morgan, P. T., Harris, D. O., Marshall, R. N., Quinlan, J. I., Edwards, S. J., Allen, S., & Breen, L. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab055 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The efficacy of essential amino acid supplementation for augmenting dietary protein intake in older adults: implications for skeletal muscle mass, strength and function
Ispoglou, T., Witard, O. C., Duckworth, L. C., & Lees, M. J. (2020) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665120008010 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Effects of different strength training frequencies during reduced training period on strength and muscle cross‐sectional area
Tavares, L. D., Souza, E. O. D., Ugrinowitsch, C., Laurentino, G. C., Roschel, H., Aihara, A. Y., Cardoso, F. N., & Tricoli, V. (2017) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1298673 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Amount, Distribution, and Quality of Protein Intake Are Not Associated with Muscle Mass, Strength, and Power in Healthy Older Adults without Functional Limitations—An enable Study
Gingrich, A., Spiegel, A., Kob, R., Schoene, D., Skurk, T., Hauner, H., Sieber, C. C., Volkert, D., & Kiesswetter, E. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121358 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The net contribution of livestock to the supply of human edible protein: the case of Ireland
Hennessy, D., Shalloo, L., van Zanten, H. H. E., Schop, M., & de Boer, I. J. M. (2021) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859621000642 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Nutritional Strategies to Improve Post-exercise Recovery and Subsequent Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review
Naderi, A., Rothschild, J. A., Santos, H. O., Hamidvand, A., Koozehchian, M. S., Ghazzagh, A., Berjisian, E., & Podlogar, T. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Amounts of essential amino acids, and especially leucine content, in protein sources seem to be the strongest predictor of MPS [79, 80].”
The Effects of Dietary Protein Supplementation on Acute Changes in Muscle Protein Synthesis and Longer-Term Changes in Muscle Mass, Strength, and Aerobic Capacity in Response to Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review
Hartono, F. A., Martin-Arrowsmith, P. W., Peeters, W., & Churchward‐Venne, T. A. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01620-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dairy, Plant, and Novel Proteins: Scientific and Technological Aspects
Liu, Y., Aimutis, W. R., & Drake, M. A. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13071010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Is Empirical Research on Periodization Trustworthy? A Comprehensive Review of Conceptual and Methodological Issues.
Afonso, J. R., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Sousa, P., & Mesquita, I. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Animal, Plant, Collagen and Blended Dietary Proteins: Effects on Musculoskeletal Outcomes
Deane, C. S., Bass, J. J., Crossland, H., Phillips, B. E., & Atherton, P. J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092670 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete
West, S., Monteyne, A. J., van der Heijden, I., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“is discussed in more detail elsewhere [7,65].”
Association of postprandial postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates with dietary leucine: A systematic review
Wilkinson, K., Koscien, C. P., Monteyne, A. J., Wall, B. T., & Stephens, F. B. (2023) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15775 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Protein metabolism and related body function: mechanistic approaches and health consequences
Tomé, D., Benoit, S., & Azzout‐Marniche, D. (2020) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665120007880 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The importance of dietary protein quality in mid- to high-income countries.
Moughan, P., Fulgoni, V., & Wolfe, R. R. (2024) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.020 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Plant Proteins: Methods of Quality Assessment and the Human Health Benefits of Pulses
Nosworthy, M. G., Medina, G., Lu, Z., & House, J. D. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12152816 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Understanding the effects of nutrition and post-exercise nutrition on skeletal muscle protein turnover: Insights from stable isotope studies
Joanisse, S., McKendry, J., Lim, C., Nunes, E. A., Stokes, T., Mcleod, J. C., & Phillips, S. M. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.nutos.2021.01.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Protein Availability and Satellite Cell Dynamics in Skeletal Muscle
Shamim, B., Hawley, J. A., & CAMERA, D. M. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0883-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Equivalent Hypertrophy and Strength Gains in β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate- or Leucine-supplemented Men
JAKUBOWSKI, J. S., WONG, E. P. T., NUNES, E. A., NOGUCHI, K. S., VANDEWEERD, J. K., MURPHY, K. T., MORTON, R. W., MCGLORY, C., & PHILLIPS, S. M. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001752 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mycoprotein ingestion within or without its wholefood matrix results in equivalent stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in resting and exercised muscle of young men
West, S., Monteyne, A. J., Whelehan, G., Abdelrahman, D. R., Murton, A. J., Finnigan, T. J. A., Blackwell, J. R., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522003087 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
High moisture extrusion of plant proteins: advances, challenges, and opportunities
See, X. Y., Chiang, J. H., Law, L. M., & Osen, R. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2268736 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates do not differ in young men following the ingestion of carbohydrate with milk protein, whey, or micellar casein after concurrent resistance-and endurance-type exercise
Churchward-Venne, T. A., Pinckaers, P. J., Smeets, J. S., Peeters, W. M., Zorenc, A. H., Schierbeek, H., Rollo, I., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. (2019) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy244 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Whey protein (∼20% of bovine milk protein) has a relatively high content of indispensable amino acids and is especially high in leucine (23), and has been characterized as a rapidly digested protein (16).”
Background
Nutritional Value of Yogurt as a Protein Source: Digestibility/Absorbability and Effects on Skeletal Muscle
Sumi, K., Tagawa, R., Yamazaki, K., Nakayama, K., Ichimura, T., Sanbongi, C., & Nakazato, K. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15204366 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Dietary Hemp Seeds More Effectively Attenuate Disorders in Genetically Obese Rats than Their Lipid Fraction
Opyd, P., Jurgoński, A., Fotschki, B., & Juśkiewicz, J. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa081 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effects of Whey Protein Supplement on 4-Week Resistance Exercise-Induced Improvements in Muscle Mass and Isokinetic Muscular Function under Dietary Control
Kim, C.-B., Park, J.-H., Park, H. S., Kim, H., & Park, J.-J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15041003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Critical variables regulating age-related anabolic responses to protein nutrition in skeletal muscle
Deane, C. S., Cox, J., & Atherton, P. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1419229 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrition and weight cut strategies for mixed martial arts and other combat sports
Ricci, A., Evans, C., Stull, C., Peacock, C. A., French, D. N., Stout, J. R., Fukuda, D. H., Bounty, P. L., Kalman, D., Galpin, A. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2467909 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Influence of protein source (cricket, pea, whey) on amino acid bioavailability and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway after resistance exercise in healthy young males
Lanng, S. K., Oxfeldt, M., Pedersen, S. S., Johansen, F. T., Risikesan, J., Lejel, T., Bertram, H. C., & Hansen, M. (2022) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-022-03071-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Impact of Processing and Extraction Methods on the Allergenicity of Targeted Protein Quantification as Well as Bioactive Peptides Derived from Egg
Mostashari, P., Marszałek, K., Aliyeva, A., & Khaneghah, A. M. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28062658 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The effects of resistance training with or without peanut protein supplementation on skeletal muscle and strength adaptations in older individuals
Lamb, D. A., Moore, J. H., Smith, M. A., Vann, C. G., Osburn, S. C., Ruple, B. A., Fox, C. D., Smith, K. S., Altonji, O. M., Power, Z. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00397-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Non-dairy milk substitutes: Are they of adequate nutritional composition?
Walsh, M. C., & Gunn, C. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815603-2.00013-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Whey Protein Supplementation Compared to Collagen Increases Blood Nesfatin Concentrations and Decreases Android Fat in Overweight Women: A Randomized Double-Blind Study
Giglio, B. M., Schincaglia, R. M., da Silva, A. D. S., Fazani, I. C. S., Monteiro, P. A., Mota, J. F., Cunha, J., Pichard, C., & Pimentel, G. D. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092051 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Novel Plant-Based Protein Has Similar Effects Compared to Whey Protein on Body Composition, Strength, Power, and Aerobic Performance in Professional and Semi-Professional Futsal Players
Teixeira, F. J., Matias, C. N., Faleiro, J., Giro, R., Pires, J., Figueiredo, H., Carvalhinho, R., Monteiro, C. P., Reis, J. F., Valamatos, M. J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.934438 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Co-ingestion of protein or a protein hydrolysate with carbohydrate enhances anabolic signaling, but not glycogen resynthesis, following recovery from prolonged aerobic exercise in trained cyclists
Cogan, K. E., Evans, M., Iuliano, E., Melvin, A., Susta, D., Neff, K., VITO, G. D., & Egan, B. (2017) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3775-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Whey protein supplementation and muscle mass: current perspectives
Naclerio, F., & Seijo, M. (2019) · Nutrition and Dietary Supplements · doi:10.2147/nds.s166195 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Differential Stimulation of Post-Exercise Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Humans Following Isonitrogenous, Isocaloric Pre-Exercise Feeding
Davies, R. W., Bass, J. J., Carson, B. P., Norton, C., Kozior, M., Amigo‐Benavent, M., Wilkinson, D. J., Brook, M. S., Atherton, P. J., Smith, K., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071657 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Exercise and Protein Effectiveness Supplementation Study (EXPRESS) on Reducing Frailty Risk in Community-Dwelling Older People
Jadczak, A. D., Visvanathan, R., Barnard, R., & Luscombe‐Marsh, N. D. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/21551197.2021.1886222 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Muscle adaptation in response to a high-intensity interval training in obese older adults: effect of daily protein intake distribution
Buckinx, F., Gaudreau, P., Marcangeli, V., Boutros, G. E. H., Dulac, M., Morais, J. A., & Aubertin‐Leheudre, M. (2019) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01149-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Novel essential amino acid supplements enriched with L-leucine facilitate increased protein and energy intakes in older women: a randomised controlled trial
Ispoglou, T., Deighton, K., King, R. F., White, H., & Lees, M. (2017) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0298-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Essential Amino Acid-Enriched Diet Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Loss of Muscle Mass and Function through Stimulation of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis and Improves Glucose Metabolism in Mice
Kim, Y., Park, S., Lee, J., Jang, J., Jung, J., Koh, J., Choi, C. S., Wolfe, R. R., & Kim, I. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12010084 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Protein timing has no effect on lean mass, strength and functional capacity gains induced by resistance exercise in postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical trial.
de Branco, F. D., Carneiro, M. A. S., Rossato, L., Nahas, P. C., Teixeira, K. R., de Oliveira, G. N., Orsatti, F., & de Oliveira, E. D. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nutrient-dense protein as a primary dietary strategy in healthy ageing: please sir, may we have more?
Nunes, E. A., Currier, B. S., Lim, C., & Phillips, S. M. (2021) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665120007892 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reconsidering the pre-eminence of dietary leucine and plasma leucinemia for predicting the stimulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates
Monteyne, A. J., West, S., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2024) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.032 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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High-Quality Supplemental Protein Enhances Acute Muscle Protein Synthesis and Long-Term Strength Adaptations to Resistance Training in Young and Old Adults
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Self-citation
Muscular Adaptations: The Role of Protein Quality, Low-Load Resistance Exercise, and Aging
Janssen, T. A. H. (2026) · doi:10.71548/2258
Protein Source and Quality for Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Myostatin Inhibition-Induced Increase in Muscle Mass and Strength Was Amplified by Resistance Exercise Training, and Dietary Essential Amino Acids Improved Muscle Quality in Mice
Jang, J., Park, S., Kim, Y., Jung, J., Lee, J., Chang, Y., Lee, S. P., Park, B., Wolfe, R. R., Choi, C. S., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051508 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Authors: Phillips, S. M.
Affiliations: McMaster University (CA)
Corresponding author: Phillips, Stuart M.
ORCID: Phillips, Stuart M.
Venue: Nutrition & Metabolism
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2016-09-29
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 64-64
ISSN: 1743-7075 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0124-8
PMC: PMC5041535
OpenAlex: W2526122202
Cited by: 168
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15
FWCI: 1.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Nutrition & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: protein quality, resistance training, muscle hypertrophy, muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein degradation, leucine, mTOR signaling, essential amino acids, PDCAAS, DIAAS, protein supplementation, skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, body composition

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The impact of protein quality on the promotion of resistance exercise-induced changes in muscle mass

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