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Cited by 254Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersSports Performance and Training

The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: The role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis

Damas, Felipe, Libardi, Cleiton A., Ugrinowitsch, Carlos·2018·European Journal of Applied Physiology
DOI 10.1007/s00421-017-3792-9
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Abstract

Resistance training (RT)-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a highly intricate process. Despite substantial advances, we are far from understanding exactly how muscle hypertrophy develops during RT. The aim of the present review is to discuss new insights related to the role of skeletal muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in mediating RT-induced hypertrophy. Specifically, the thesis that in the early phase of RT (≤ 4 previous RT sessions) increases in muscle cross-sectional area are mostly attributable to muscle damage-induced muscle swelling; then (after ~ 10 sessions), a modest magnitude of muscle hypertrophy ensues; but only during a latter phase of RT (after ~ 18 sessions) is true muscle hypertrophy observed. We argue that the initial increases in MPS post-RT are likely directed to muscle repair and remodelling due to damage, and do not correlate with eventual muscle hypertrophy induced by several RT weeks. Increases in MPS post-RT session only contribute to muscle hypertrophy after a progressive attenuation of muscle damage, and even more significantly when damage is minimal. Furthermore, RT protocols that do not promote significant muscle damage still induce similar muscle hypertrophy and strength gains compared to conditions that do promote initial muscle damage. Thus, we conclude that muscle damage is not the process that mediates or potentiates RT-induced muscle hypertrophy.

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  • The magnitude of hypertrophy was almost perfectly predicted by the fiber's ability to accumulate new ribosomal machinery, solidifying nucleolar expansion as the ultimate determinant of the high-responder phenotype.

    “The magnitude of hypertrophy was almost perfectly predicted by the fiber’s ability to successfully accumulate new ribosomal machinery, solidifying nucleolar expansion as the ultimate determinant of the high-responder phenotype [70,98].”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [98]

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Authors
Damas, F., Libardi, C. A., & Ugrinowitsch, C.
Affiliations
  • Universidade Federal de São Carlos (BR)
  • Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
Corresponding author
Damas, Felipe
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-12-27
Volume
118
Issue
3
Pages
485-500
ISSN
  • 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
  • 1439-6319
  • 1439-6327
DOI
10.1007/s00421-017-3792-9
OpenAlex
W2776736223
Cited by
254
References
156
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
FWCI
1.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations
  • European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2012/24499-1, 2014/19594-0, 2013/21218-4)
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (303085/2015-0)
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
resistance training, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, muscle damage, muscle protein synthesis, muscle swelling, muscle repair, muscle remodeling, muscle strength gain, training volume
MeSH terms
Humans, Hypertrophy, Muscle Proteins, Muscle, Skeletal, Myalgia, Physical Conditioning, Human

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