Decision-making on an explicit risk-taking task in preadolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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Inappropriate risk-taking and disadvantageous decision-making have been described as major behavioural characteristics of patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However these behaviours are difficult to measure in laboratory contexts and recent studies have yielded inconsistent results which might be related to task characteristics. The present study adopted the Game of Dice Task, a test procedure in which risks are made explicit and the load on working memory is minimal. As a result, preadolescents with ADHD (N = 23) made significantly more risky choices and suffered major losses of money compared to normal controls (N = 24) but only when they played the game a second time. Differences in risk-taking correlated significantly with hyperactivity as rated by parents and with inhibitory control, but not with working memory performance. The results are discussed in the context of current theories of ADHD.
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On the GDT, no differences between children with ADHD and NCs were found in the first game (Cohen's d = 0.05).
“No differences between children with ADHD and NCs were found in the first game (Cohen’s d = 0.05)”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [58]
In the second GDT game, children with ADHD chose the most risky alternative (one die) more often than during the first trial.
“Specifically, in the second game, children with ADHD chose the most risky alternative (one die) more often than during the first trial.”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [58]
Four of fourteen studies with children/adolescents used an explicit gambling task and two (50%) found that children/adolescents with ADHD performed in a more risky fashion than NCs.
“Four of the fourteen studies with children/adolescents used an explicit gambling task and two studies (2/4 = 50%) found that children/adolescents with ADHD performed in a more risky fashion than NCs [40], [58].”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [58]
On the GDT, children with ADHD displayed more risky behavior than NCs during the second game (Cohen's d = 0.83).
“but children with ADHD displayed more risky behavior than NCs during the second game (Cohen’s d = 0.83).”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [58]
Higher levels of risky performance were found in mixed samples of individuals with ADHD compared to NCs, which included studies that examined participants of all three ADHD subtypes or participants with ADHD-C and ADHD-I.
“If findings are compared across studies, higher levels of risky performance were found in mixed samples of individuals with ADHD compared to NCs, which included studies that examined participants of all three ADHD subtypes [40], [58] (2/10 = 20% of studies with positive findings) or participants with ADHD-C and ADHD-I [62] (1/10 = 10% of studies with positive findings).”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [58]
Some of the reviewed studies in children with ADHD suggest that there is an association between risky performance on gambling tasks and the severity of ADHD symptoms.
“Some of the reviewed studies in children with ADHD suggest that there is an association between risky performance on gambling tasks and the severity of ADHD symptoms [49], [52], [58].”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [58]
Experimental data suggest an association between risky and impulsive behavior, characteristic of ADHD, and dopamine release or dopamine-dependent BOLD response to rewards in the striatum.
“Additionally, experimental data suggest an association between risky and impulsive behavior, which is characteristic of ADHD,14–16 and dopamine release or dopamine-dependent BOLD response to rewards in the striatum.11,17–20”
From Striatal sensitivity during reward processing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Drechsler, R., Rizzo, P., & Steinhausen, H.-C.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Drechsler, R.
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Transmission
- Published
- 2007-09-21
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 201-209
- ISSN
- 0300-9564 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2079702865
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.zora.uzh.ch
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Transmission (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, risk-taking, decision-making, preadolescents, Game of Dice Task, hyperactivity, inhibitory control, working memory
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Risk-Taking
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