The developmental psychopathology of motivation in adolescence
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is a key period for the emergence of psychopathology, with many psychiatric disorders having their modal age-of-onset during this period. Relative to other periods of the lifespan, susceptibility to a number of psychiatric disorders is greatest during adolescence, particularly in females. In addition, disorders which emerge during adolescence appear to be more enduring and serious than those with a later onset. Although these psychiatric conditions may appear different from each other in terms of their associated behavioral signs or symptoms, this review will argue that they involve common alterations in motivational processes or disturbances in reward processing, although the direction of such changes (hypersensitivity vs. hyposensitivity to reward) and the stage of processing affected (reward anticipation vs. receipt) may differ across broader groupings of disorder. Recent behavioral, neuropsychological and neuroimaging research on reward processing in children, adolescents, and adults with these conditions will be described and evaluated. In addition, this article will consider what these studies tell us about their etiology and highlight gaps in our knowledge base. The review will also attempt to explain why adolescence is a period of elevated risk for the development of psychopathology, by discussing normative changes in reward processing in humans and animals.
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Results of functional brain-imaging studies of response to rewards in CD/ODD are not wholly consistent.
“Results of functional brain-imaging studies of response to rewards in CD/ODD are not wholly consistent [17].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [17]
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A Systems Neuroscience Approach to the Pathophysiology of Pediatric Mood and Anxiety Disorders
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Frank, G., Shott, M. E., Sternheim, L. C., Swindle, S., & Pryor, T. L. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.04.005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, H., Ling, Y., Wang, J., Lai, Y., Xiong, J., Yan, N., Lei, X., & Long, C. (2025) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70021 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Neural response to reward uncertainty in adolescents with mood and anxiety symptoms
Liu, Q., Nguyen, T. N. B., Tobe, R. H., Stern, E. R., Ely, B. A., & Gabbay, V. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02412-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Adolescent mice exhibit lower reward sensitivity than adults
Misiołek, K., Chrószcz, M., Klimczak, M., Rzeszut, A., Netczuk, J., Ziółkowska, B., Szumiec, Ł., Kaczmarczyk-Jarosz, M., Harda, Z., & Parkitna, J. M. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1695375 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Decreased social, drug, and food reward sensitivity in adolescent micePreprint
Misiołek, K., Chrószcz, M., Klimczak, M., Rzeszut, A., Netczuk, J., Ziółkowska, B., Szumiec, Ł., Kaczmarczyk-Jarosz, M., Harda, Z., & Parkitna, J. M. R. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670792 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Young, J. C., Harris, C. E., Courtney, K., & Widom, C. S. (2026) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579425101120
Liang, P., Ouyang, Y., Liu, X., & Wang, J. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09138-x
- Authors
- Fairchild, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Fairchild, Graeme
- ORCID
- Fairchild, Graeme
- Venue
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 414-429
- ISSN
- 1878-9293 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6987546
- OpenAlex
- W1998178829
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Southampton
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- developmental psychopathology, motivation, adolescence, reward processing, reward anticipation, mental illness, age of onset, sex differences, etiology of mental disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Motivation, Psychopathology
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