Reward Value Coding Distinct From Risk Attitude-Related Uncertainty Coding in Human Reward Systems
Open accessAbstract
When deciding between different options, individuals are guided by the expected (mean) value of the different outcomes and by the associated degrees of uncertainty. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify brain activations coding the key decision parameters of expected value (magnitude and probability) separately from uncertainty (statistical variance) of monetary rewards. Participants discriminated behaviorally between stimuli associated with different expected values and uncertainty. Stimuli associated with higher expected values elicited monotonically increasing activations in distinct regions of the striatum, irrespective of different combinations of magnitude and probability. Stimuli associated with higher uncertainty (variance) elicited increasing activations in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Uncertainty-related activations covaried with individual risk aversion in lateral orbitofrontal regions and risk-seeking in more medial areas. Furthermore, activations in expected value-coding regions in prefrontal cortex covaried differentially with uncertainty depending on risk attitudes of individual participants, suggesting that separate prefrontal regions are involved in risk aversion and seeking. These data demonstrate the distinct coding in key reward structures of the two basic and crucial decision parameters, expected value, and uncertainty.
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The dopaminergic VTA is implicated in rewarding aspects of addictive drugs and also participates in signaling aversion and lack of expected reward.
“While the DAergic VTA has been widely implicated in the rewarding aspects of addictive drugs, it has also been shown to participate in the signaling of aversion and lack of expected reward (Schultz et al. 1998; Ungless et al. 2004; Tobler et al. 2007; De Biasi and Dani 2011).”
From Nicotine Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as Tobler et al. 2007
The Discussion (page unavailable) says dopamine-neuron responses are stronger for cues predicting greater reward, supporting a general role in reward signaling. It does not establish that the VTA signals aversion or the absence of an expected reward, or address the rewarding effects of addictive drugs. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhen the medial orbitofrontal cortex receives outcome-related signals during reward learning, a calculation of the outcome's expected value occurs.
“For instance, when the medial orbitofrontal cortex receives outcome-related signals during reward learning, a calculation of the outcome’s expected value occurs (Tobler et al., 2007).”
From Incentive Motivation, Cognitive Control, and the Adolescent Brain: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift? (2012) · cites this paper as Tobler et al., 2007
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d'Acremont, M., Lu, Z.-L., Li, X., Van der Linden, M., & Bechara, A. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.096 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Dissociating motivation from reward in human striatal activity
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Coaster, M., Rogers, B. P., Jones, O. D., Viscusi, W. K., Merkle, K. L., Zald, D. H., & Gore, J. C. (2011) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0047-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…parts of the prefrontal cortex have been associated with risk aversion and risk seeking as the expected value of monetary reward becomes differentially coded with uncertainty (statistical variance), depending on the individual differences in the risk attitudes of participants (Tobler et al., 2007).”
Background
- Authors
- Tobler, P. N., O'Doherty, J. P., Dolan, R. J., & Schultz, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1621-1632
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- PMC
- PMC2637604
- OpenAlex
- W2103789151
- Cited by
- 472
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 15.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (095495)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- risk aversion, risk seeking, expected value, monetary rewards, striatum, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex, decision-making, statistical variance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude, Cerebral Cortex, Color, Conditioning, Psychological, Cues, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Form Perception, Gambling, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Reward, Risk-Taking, Linear Models, Neostriatum, Echo-Planar Imaging, Prefrontal Cortex
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