Antioxidant effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima in a neurotoxic model caused by 6-OHDA in the rat striatum
Abstract
There is evidence to support that an impaired energy metabolism and the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to brain injury in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), whereas diets enriched in foods with an antioxidant action may modulate its progression. Several studies have proved that the antioxidant components produced by Spirulina, a microscopic blue-green alga, might prevent cell death by decreasing free radicals, inhibiting lipoperoxidation and upregulating the antioxidant enzyme systems. In our study, we investigated the protective effect of the Spirulina maxima (S. maxima) against the 6-OHDA-caused toxicity in the rat striatum. The S. maxima (700 mg/kg/day, vo) was administered for 40 days before and 20 days after a single injection of 6-OHDA (16 μg/2 μL) into the dorsal striatum. At 20-day postsurgery, the brain was removed and the striatum was obtained to evaluate the indicators of toxicity, such as nitric oxide levels, ROS formation, lipoperoxidation, and mitochondrial activity. These variables were found significantly stimulated in 6-OHDA-treated rats and were accompanied by declines in dopamine levels and motor activity. In contrast, the animals that received the chronic treatment with S. maxima had a restored locomotor activity, which is associated with the decreased levels of nitric oxide, ROS, and lipoperoxidation in the striatum, although mitochondrial functions and dopamine levels remained preserved. These findings suggest that supplementation with antioxidant phytochemicals (such as contained in S. maxima) represents an effective neuroprotective strategy against 6-OHDA-caused neurotoxicity vía free radical production to preserve striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission in vivo.
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S. maxima showed a protective effect against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in the rat striatum, reducing NO, ROS and lipoperoxidation levels in the striatum.
“S. maxima showed a protective effect in response to 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in the rat striatum, inducing a reduction in NO, ROS and lipoperoxidation levels in the striatum [89]”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [89]
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- Authors
- Tobón-Velasco, J. C., Palafox-Sánchez, V., Mendieta, L., García, E., Santamaría, A., Chamorro-Cevallos, G., & Limón, I. D.
- Affiliations
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (MX)
- Corresponding author
- Limón, I. Daniel
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Transmission
- Published
- 2013-02-21
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1179-1189
- ISSN
- 0300-9564 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2063533517
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Transmission (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- Spirulina maxima, Arthrospira, antioxidant activity, 6-hydroxydopamine, neurotoxicity, striatum, Parkinson's disease, neuroprotection, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial function, dopamine, locomotor activity, dopamine signaling, phytochemicals
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antioxidants, Corpus Striatum, Male, Motor Activity, Oxidopamine, Treatment Outcome, Rats, Wistar, Reactive Oxygen Species, Models, Animal, Rats, Spirulina
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