Spirulina Maxima Decreases Endothelial Damage and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Patients with Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Results from Exploratory Controlled Clinical Trial
Open accessPreprint — published as 10.3390/md16120496 · Paper page
Abstract
1) Background: Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima has shown beneficial effects such anti-dyslipidemic, antiviral, antioxidant and antihypertensive. However, there are few and limited clinical studies. 2) Methods: a prospective, randomized, parallel pilot study of 4.5 g administration of Spirulina maxima or placebo for 12 weeks in 16 patients with systemic arterial hypertension undergoing treatment with ACE inhibitors was performed to assess the effects on endothelial damage and oxidative stress indicators. The blood levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, endothelin-1, and sE-selectin were quantified; the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and concentrations of reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid reactive susbtances, were also quantified before and after the treatment period. 3) Results: There were statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in systolic blood pressure, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin and endothelin-1 levels, and increases in glutathione peroxidase activity and oxidized glutathione levels. 4) Conclusion: The effects found in the present study agree with antihypertensive and antioxidant effects previously reported for Spirulina maxima. However, this is the first report about the effects on indicators of endothelial damage. More research in this field is necessary to gain an insight into the effects of Spirulina on these indicators.
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Randomized and placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated that supplementation with algal products such as Limnospira and Chlorella leads to significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in individuals with mild to moderate hypertension.
“Randomized and placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated that supplementation with algal products such as Limnospira (Spirulina) and Chlorella leads to significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in individuals with mild to moderate hypertension [74–76].”
From Navigating the potential of algal peptides: health effects, market applications, and scientific challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
The Results (§2.2) report a statistically significant reduction in systolic blood pressure at the final visit in the Spirulina group compared with placebo. They explicitly state that diastolic blood pressure did not change significantly, so this paper does not support the claim that Spirulina significantly reduced both measures. The trial studied Spirulina, not Chlorella. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDaily intake of Spirulina (2-4.5 g/day) over 8 to 12 weeks is consistently associated with improvements in systolic blood pressure, both as a standalone supplement and when incorporated into functional foods, whereas no comparable effects were observed in placebo groups.
“Daily intake of Spirulina (2–4.5 g/day) over periods ranging from 8 to 12 weeks has consistently been associated with improvements in systolic blood pressure, both as a standalone supplement and when incorporated into functional foods, whereas no comparable effects were observed in placebo groups [74–76].”
From Navigating the potential of algal peptides: health effects, market applications, and scientific challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn patients with systemic arterial hypertension undergoing treatment with ACE inhibitors, 4.5 g administration of Arthrospira platensis for 12 weeks resulted in a statistically significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin and endothelin-1 levels as well as an increase in glutathione peroxidase activity and oxidized glutathione levels.
“The results showed a statistically significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin and endothelin-1 levels as well as an increase in glutathione peroxidase activity and oxidized glutathione levels [109].”
From Application of Arthrospira platensis for Medicinal Purposes and the Food Industry: A Review of the Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [109]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
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- Authors
- Martínez-Sámano, J., Torres-Montes de Oca, A., Luqueño-Bocardo, O. I., Torres-Durán, P. V., & Juárez-Oropeza, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Corresponding author
- Juárez-Oropeza, Marco Antonio
- Venue
- Marine Drugs
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-11-12
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 496-496
- ISSN
- 1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6315658
- OpenAlex
- W2901893703
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Locations
- Marine Drugs (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IN-219615)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Keywords
- Spirulina maxima, systemic arterial hypertension, endothelial injury, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity, sVCAM-1, soluble E-selectin, endothelin-1, sICAM-1, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione disulfide, ACE inhibitors, dietary supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Antioxidants, Blood Pressure, Endothelium, Vascular, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Prospective Studies, Lipid Peroxidation, Body Mass Index, Treatment Outcome, Oxidative Stress, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, E-Selectin, Dietary Supplements, Spirulina
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