Identifying Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori) Factors in Adolescents: Understanding the Hikikomori Spectrum
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Hikikomori is a Japanese term for social withdrawal, ranging from complete inability to venture outdoors to preferring to stay inside. The prevalence of hikikomori is high, up to 1.2% of the Japanese population, but only few studies have examined its emergence in adolescents. Therefore, we sought to identify environmental and psycho-behavioral characteristics related to hikikomori during adolescence. Parents of middle school students who underwent psychiatric outpatient treatment for hikikomori ( n = 20) and control group parents ( n = 88) completed the Child Behavior Checklist to evaluate their child’s psycho-behavioral characteristics and novel scales to evaluate environmental characteristics and hikikomori severity. Scores for all eight Child Behavior Checklist subscales were significantly higher in the experimental group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that “anxious/depressed,” “somatic complaints,” “lack of communication between parents” and “overuse of the Internet” were significant predictors of hikikomori severity. These findings can help identify individuals who are at risk of developing hikikomori .
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In the previous Japanese study, the patient group had significantly higher symptom scale scores than controls, but none fell within the clinical range, indicating no psychiatric signs specific to hikikomori.
“We observed significantly higher symptom scale scores in the patient group than in the control group; however, none fell within the clinical range, indicating no psychiatric signs specific to hikikomori.”
From Preliminary study of the social withdrawal (hikikomori) spectrum in French adolescents: focusing on the differences in pathology and related factors compared with Japanese adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
The Results report significantly higher mean CBCL total and syndrome-subscale scores in the hikikomori group, and the Discussion says there is no distinctive psychiatric sign specific to clinical hikikomori. But the claim that none of the scores fell in the clinical range is incorrect: the total mean CBCL score was in the clinical range; only the eight syndrome subscales were subclinical. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEnvironmental factors, such as lack of communication between parents and Internet overuse, were significant predictors of hikikomori severity in the previous Japanese study.
“Further, environmental factors, such as the lack of communication between parents and Internet overuse, were found to be significant predictors of hikikomori severity.”
The previous Japanese case-control study revealed non-specificity of pathology in patients with hikikomori.
“We previously conducted a statistical case-control study on adolescent patients with hikikomori in Japan, which revealed the non-specificity of pathology in patients with hikikomori.”
In the previous Japanese study, the two hikikomori severity items had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.703, confirming internal consistency.
“Reliability analysis between both items revealed a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.703, which confirmed internal consistency.”
In the between-group comparisons of the Japanese sample in the previous survey, the patient group showed significantly high parental psychiatric disorders, overuse of Internet, and low communication between parents; the patient group showed significantly higher scores for all CBCL syndrome subscales than the control group, which were all in the subclinical range.
“In the between-group comparisons of the Japanese sample in our previous survey, the patient group showed significantly high “parental psychiatric disorders”, “overuse of Internet”, and low “communication between parents”; the patient group showed significantly higher scores for all CBCL syndrome subscales than the control group, which were all in the subclinical range.”
The authors' previous Japanese study indicated an association of excessive Internet use with hikikomori severity, but the present study did not.
“Our previous Japanese study [52], but not the present study, indicated an association of excessive Internet use with hikikomori severity.”
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- Authors
- Hamasaki, Y., Pionnié-Dax, N., Dorard, G., Tajan, N., & Hikida, T.
- Affiliations
- Kyoto Women's University (JP)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Institute for Protein Research, The University of Osaka (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Hamasaki, Yukiko
- Venue
- Child Psychiatry & Human Development
- Published
- 2020-09-21
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 808-817
- ISSN
- 0009-398X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3327
- PMC
- PMC8405474
- OpenAlex
- W3087583103
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 14.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Child Psychiatry & Human Development (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18H00999, 18KK0068)
- Research grant from Kyoto Women’s University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- hikikomori, social withdrawal, adolescents, Child Behavior Checklist, anxious/depressed symptoms, somatic symptoms, parent-child communication, internet overuse, risk factors, junior high school students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Humans, Parents, Psychotherapy, Social Isolation, Prevalence
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