Brief Report: Intolerance of Uncertainty, Worry, and Depression

Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696 · see citing works

Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire

Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099 · see citing works

Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders

Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works

Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model

Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00070-3 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample

Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005553414688 · Cited by 538 · see citing works

Experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty: a study of a theoretical model of worry

Ladouceur, R., Gosselin, P., & Dugas, M. J. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00133-3 · Cited by 524 · see citing works

Treatment of Gad: Targeting Intolerance of Uncertainty in Two Types of Worry

Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (2000) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445500245002 · Cited by 334 · see citing works

Major Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Same Genes, (Partly) Different Environments – Revisited

Kendler, K. S. (1996) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000298437 · Cited by 262 · see citing works

Further validation of a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: diagnostic and symptom specificity

Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2005) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.002 · Cited by 258 · see citing works

Understanding Adolescent Worry: The Application of a Cognitive Model

Laugesen, N., Dugas, M. J., & Bukowski, W. M. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1021721332181 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Distress tolerance and psychopathological symptoms and disorders: A review of the empirical literature among adults.

Leyro, T. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bernstein, A. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0019712 · Cited by 868 · see citing works

A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001 · Cited by 601 · see citing works

The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives

Carleton, R. N. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.82 · Cited by 599 · see citing works

Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders

Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21965 · Cited by 495 · see citing works

To Be Sure, To Be Sure: Intolerance of Uncertainty Mediates Symptoms of Various Anxiety Disorders and Depression

McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. J. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.007 · Cited by 468 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety

Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007 · Cited by 436 · see citing works

Do concerns about climate change lead to distress?

Searle, K., & Gow, K. (2010) · International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management · doi:10.1108/17568691011089891 · Cited by 338 · see citing works

Resolving Ambiguity in Emotional Disorders: The Nature and Role of Interpretation Biases

Hirsch, C. R., Meeten, F., Krahé, C., & Reeder, C. (2016) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093436 · Cited by 331 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder

Yook, K., Kim, K.-H., Suh, S. Y., & Lee, K. S. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.003 · Cited by 321 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty in emotional disorders: what uncertainties remain?

Shihata, S., McEvoy, P. M., Mullan, B. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.001 · Cited by 301 · see citing works

The impact of methodological and measurement factors on transdiagnostic associations with intolerance of uncertainty: a meta-analysis

McEvoy, P. M., Hyett, M. P., Shihata, S., Price, J. E., & Strachan, L. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101778 · Cited by 271 · see citing works

Generalized worry disorder: a review of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM-V

Andrews, G., Hobbs, M. J., Borkovec, T. D., Beesdo, K., Craske, M. G., Heimberg, R. G., Rapee, R. M., Ruscio, A. M., & Stanley, M. A. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20658 · Cited by 273 · see citing works

The Structure of Cognitive Vulnerabilities to Depression and Anxiety: Evidence for a Common Core Etiologic Process Based on a Meta-Analytic Review

Hong, R. Y., & Cheung, M. W.-L. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614553789 · Cited by 201 · see citing works

Intolerance of Uncertainty and PTSD Symptoms: Exploring the Construct Relationship in a Community Sample with a Heterogeneous Trauma History

Fetzner, M. G., Horswill, S. C., Boelen, P. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9531-6 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

A Cognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: the Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty

Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2006) · Worry and its Psychological Disorders · doi:10.1002/9780470713143.ch12 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

The search for universal transdiagnostic and trans-therapy change processes: Evidence for intolerance of uncertainty

McEvoy, P. M., & Erceg-Hurn, D. M. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.002 · Cited by 155 · see citing works

Cognitive content-specificity in future expectancies: Role of hopelessness and intolerance of uncertainty in depression and GAD symptoms

Miranda, R., Fontes, M., & Marroquín, B. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.009 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Hierarchical model of vulnerabilities for anxiety: Replication and extension with a clinical sample

Norton, P. J., Sexton, K. A., Walker, J. R., & Ron Norton, G. (2005) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070410005401 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Can the components of a cognitive model predict the severity of generalized anxiety disorder

Dugas, M. J., Savard, P., Gaudet, A., Turcotte, J., Laugesen, N., Robichaud, M., Francis, K., & Koerner, N. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.07.002 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Current status and future directions

Dugas, M. J., & Koerner, N. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.19.1.61.66326 · Cited by 143 · see citing works

Seeking certainty about intolerance of uncertainty: Addressing old and new issues through the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised

Bottesi, G., Noventa, S., Freeston, M. H., & Ghisi, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211929 · Cited by 132 · see citing works

Intolerance of Uncertainty in Adolescents: Correlations With Worry, Social Anxiety, and Depression

Boelen, P. A., Vrinssen, I., & van Tulder, F. (2010) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181d143de · Cited by 132 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty as a contributor to fear and avoidance symptoms of panic attacks

Carleton, R. N., Fetzner, M. G., Hackl, J. L., & McEvoy, P. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.792100 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty and perceived threat

Bredemeier, K., & Berenbaum, H. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.006 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

“But it might be a heart attack”: Intolerance of uncertainty and panic disorder symptoms

Carleton, R. N., Duranceau, S., Freeston, M. H., Boelen, P. A., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.04.006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Dutch Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: Comparison of the full and short version

Helsen, K., Van den Bussche, E., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Goubert, L. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.004 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of post-traumatic stress symptoms following a traumatic event

Oglesby, M. E., Boffa, J. W., Short, N. A., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.01.005 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Evaluating the unique contribution of intolerance of uncertainty relative to other cognitive vulnerability factors in anxiety psychopathology

Norr, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and anxiety: The moderating and mediating roles of rumination

Liao, K. Y., & Wei, M. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20846 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: A transdiagnostic construct with implications for phenomenology and treatment

Gillett, C. B., Bilek, E. L., Hanna, G. L., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.01.007 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Beyond Negative Affectivity: A Hierarchical Model of Global and Transdiagnostic Vulnerabilities for Emotional Disorders

Paulus, D. J., Talkovsky, A. M., Heggeness, L. F., & Norton, P. J. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1017529 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty, social support, and loneliness in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms among women diagnosed with ovarian cancer

Hill, E. M., & Hamm, A. (2019) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4975 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Changes in intolerance of uncertainty during cognitive behavior group therapy for social phobia.

Mahoney, A. E. J., & McEvoy, P. M. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.004 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

An initiation–termination two-phase model of worrying

Berenbaum, H. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.011 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Intolerance of Uncertainty

Alschuler, K. N., & Beier, M. L. (2015) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2014-044 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Stress and worry: examining intolerance of uncertainty's moderating effect

Zlomke, K. R., & Jeter, K. M. (2014) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.835400 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Increasing intolerance of uncertainty over time: the potential influence of increasing connectivity

Carleton, R. N., Desgagné, G., Krakauer, R., & Hong, R. Y. (2019) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1476580 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Age and gender differences in adolescent worry

Barahmand, U. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.006 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Targeting intolerance of uncertainty in treatment: A meta-analysis of therapeutic effects, treatment moderators, and underlying mechanisms

Miller, M. L., & McGuire, J. F. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.132 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Differential patterns of physical symptoms and subjective processes in generalized anxiety disorder and unipolar depression

Aldao, A., Mennin, D. S., Linardatos, E., & Fresco, D. M. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.12.001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Factor structure of the intolerance of uncertainty scale for children

Cornacchio, D., Sanchez, A. L., Coxe, S., Roy, A., Pincus, D. B., Read, K. L., Holaway, R. M., Kendall, P. C., & Comer, J. S. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.07.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty and insula activation during uncertain reward

Gorka, S. M., Nelson, B. D., Phan, K. L., & Shankman, S. A. (2016) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0443-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Media Exposure to COVID-19 Predicted Acute Stress: A Moderated Mediation Model of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Perceived Social Support

He, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, M., Zhang, J., Zou, W., & Luo, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.613368 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty as a vulnerability factor for hoarding behaviors

Oglesby, M. E., Medley, A. N., Norr, A. M., Capron, D. W., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Mental Capacity, Decision-Making and Emotion Dysregulation in Severe Enduring Anorexia Nervosa

van Elburg, A., Danner, U. N., Sternheim, L. C., Lammers, M., & Elzakkers, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.545317 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Revising the Intolerance of Uncertainty Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Evidence from UK and Italian Undergraduate Samples

Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Carraro, E., Barclay, N., Payne, R., & Freeston, M. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01723 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Cognitive factors predicting checking, procrastination and other maladaptive behaviours: prospective versus inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty

Fourtounas, A., & Thomas, S. J. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.02.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

The role of distress tolerance, anxiety sensitivity, and intolerance of uncertainty in predicting hoarding symptoms in a clinical sample

Grisham, J. R., Roberts, L., Cerea, S., Isemann, S., Svehla, J., & Norberg, M. M. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.084 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale for Children (IUSC): Discriminating principal anxiety diagnoses and severity.

Read, K. L., Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0032392 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Group cognitive behavioral therapy targeting intolerance of uncertainty: a randomized trial for older Chinese adults with generalized anxiety disorder.

Hui, C., & Zhihui, Y. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1222349 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

The interaction of distress tolerance and intolerance of uncertainty in the prediction of symptom reduction across CBT for social anxiety disorder

Katz, D., Rector, N. A., & Laposa, J. M. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1334087 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Preliminary investigation of intolerance of uncertainty treatment for anxiety disorders.

Hewitt, S. N., Egan, S., & Rees, C. (2009) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200802702056 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

The transdiagnostic model of worry: The mediating role of experiential avoidance

Akbari, M., & Khanipour, H. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

The Effects of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Group Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, Stress, and the Intolerance of Uncertainty in Infertile Women

Department of Clinical Psychology, F. O. M., Mousavi, E., Hosseini, S., In Vitro Fertilization (IVF Center), T. H., Bakhtiyari, M., Depatment of Clinical Psychology, S. O. M., Abasi, I., Depatment of Clinical Psychology, S. O. M., Mohammadi, A., Department of Psychiatry, S. O. M., et al. (2020) · Iranian Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.32598/irj.18.2.862.1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

The role of emotion dysregulation and intolerance of uncertainty in autism: Transdiagnostic factors influencing co-occurring conditions

Conner, C. M., Kim, P. S., White, S. W., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2022) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104332 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty and psychological symptoms among people with a missing loved one: Emotion regulation difficulties and psychological inflexibility as mediators

Kennedy, C., Deane, F. P., & Chan, A. Y. C. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.05.006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Anxiety Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty as Factors Related to Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder Symptoms

Wheaton, M. G., & Kaiser, N. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-021-00114-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works

A transdiagnostic examination of decreased intolerance of uncertainty and treatment outcome

Stevens, K., Rogers, T., Campbell, M., Björgvinsson, T., & Kertz, S. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1338311 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

The relationship between separation anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in pregnant women

Sevil Degirmenci, S., Kosger, F., Altinoz, A. E., Essizoglu, A., & Aksaray, G. (2020) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1564030 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Factor mixture modeling of intolerance of uncertainty.

Oglesby, M. E., Allan, N. P., Short, N. A., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000357 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

The relationship between depression and generalized anxiety during intensive psychological and pharmacological treatment

Aderka, I. M., Beard, C., Lee, J., Weiss, R. B., & Björgvinsson, T. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.054 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Intolerance of uncertainty, aging, and anxiety and mental health concerns: A scoping review and meta-analysis

Yu, M. H. M., Cao, Y., Fung, S. S. Y., Kwan, G. S. Y., Tse, Z. C. K., & Shum, D. H. K. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.102975 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Cognitive and social predictors of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms among fresh undergraduates in Uganda

Umeh, G. C., & Bangirana, P. (2016) · Tanzania Journal of Health Research · doi:10.4314/thrb.v19i1.3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

Dunkley, C. R., & Robichaud, M. (2021) · Evidence-Based Treatment for Anxiety Disorders and Depression · doi:10.1017/9781108355605.010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Understanding Autistic Adults' Psychological Experiences of Anxiety Problems: A Qualitative Interview Study.

Roberts-Davis, R. J., Happé, F. G., & Lau-Zhu, A. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261455375 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Dispositional factors in the explanation of symptoms of depression, anxiety, health anxiety and COVID-19 Phobia

Mayor, E., & Lieb, R. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299593