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Prevalence of Depressive Disorders in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Substantial uncertainty exists about the prevalence of depressive disorders in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This meta-analysis quantitatively summarized studies that assessed the lifetime and current prevalence of unipolar depressive disorders in children, adolescents, and adults with ASD. We also examined demographic, methodological, and study moderators. This meta-analysis adhered to PRISMA guidelines. A total of 7857 articles were identified through 5 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, PYSCInfo, CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses), forward searches, and backward searches. Two reviewers independently screened articles and extracted data. Sixty-six articles met inclusion criteria. Results indicated that the pooled lifetime and current prevalence was 14.4% (95% CI 10.3-19.8) and 12.3% (95% CI 9.7-15.5), respectively. Rates of depressive disorders were highest among studies that used a standardized interview to assess depressive disorders (lifetime = 28.5%, 95% CI 20.1-38.8; current = 15.3%, 95% CI 11.0-20.9) and required participants to report on their own depressive symptoms (lifetime = 48.6%, 95% CI 33.3-64.2; current = 25.9%, 95% CI 17.0-37.3). Rates were also higher in studies that included participants with higher intelligence. Lifetime, but not current, prevalence was positively associated with age and the proportion of the sample that was White. In conclusion, we found that the rates of depressive disorders are high among individuals with ASD. Compared to typically developing individuals, individuals with ASD are 4-times more likely to experience depression in their lifetime. These results suggest that individuals with ASD should be regularly screened and offered treatment for depression.
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“Compared to their typically developing peers, individuals with ASD are four times more likely to experience depression in their lifetime [109].”
From Pharmacological treatment in autism: a proposal for guidelines on common co-occurring psychiatric symptoms (2025) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“particularly among autistic youth who experience depression at rates nearly twice that of their non-autistic peers (Hudson et al., 2019; Schwartzman & Corbett, 2020).”
From Community-guided, autism-adapted group cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in autistic youth (CBT-DAY): Preliminary feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy (2024) · cites this paper as Hudson et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“Moreover, individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have a four-times-higher chance of developing depression when compared to typically developed peers [3]”
From Cognitive Coping Strategies among Inpatient Adolescents with Depression and Psychiatric Comorbidity (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hudson, C. C., Hall, L., & Harkness, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hudson, Chloe C.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2018-03-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 165-175
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W2792899115
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 3.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, depressive disorders, depression prevalence, lifetime prevalence, current prevalence, major depressive disorder, children and adolescents, adults, intelligence, age differences, racial differences, depression screening
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Young Adult
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