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Cited by 311Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Nutrition and Feeding Issues

Depressive and Anxiety Symptom Trajectories From School Age Through Young Adulthood in Samples With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Delay

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Gotham, Katherine, Brunwasser, Steven M., Lord, Catherine·2015·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.02.005PMC PMC4407021
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Abstract

Objective The objectives of this study were to model growth in anxiety and depressive symptoms from late school age through young adulthood in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and controls with developmental delay (DD), and to assess relationships among internalizing growth patterns, participant characteristics, baseline predictors, and distal outcomes. Method Data were collected between ages 6 and 24 years in 165 participants (n = 109 with ASD; n = 56 with nonspectrum DD), most of whom received diagnostic evaluations in both childhood and early adulthood. Questionnaires were collected approximately every 3 to 6 months between ages 9 and 24 years. Parent-rated Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL), and Developmental Behaviour Checklist anxiety- and depression-related subscale distributions were modeled with mixed-effects Poisson models, covarying diagnosis, age, verbal IQ (VIQ), gender, and significant 2- and 3-way interactions. Results Anxiety was positively associated with VIQ, and controlling for VIQ, both anxiety and depressive symptoms were greater in ASD than nonspectrum participants. Female gender predicted greater increases over time in anxiety and depressive symptoms for both diagnostic groups. Lower maternal education was associated with increasing internalizing symptoms in a subset of less verbal individuals with ASD. In exploratory post hoc analyses, internalizing symptoms were associated with poorer emotional regulation in school age, and with lower life satisfaction and greater social difficulties in early adulthood. Conclusion Findings support previous claims that individuals with ASD are at particular risk for affect- and anxiety-specific problems. Although symptom levels in females increase at a faster rate throughout adolescence, males with ASD appear to have elevated levels of depressive symptoms in school age that are maintained into young adulthood.

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  • Depression and anxiety have significant negative effects on well-being, quality of life, and day-to-day functioning in autistic adults.

    “Depression and anxiety have significant negative effects on well-being, quality of life, and day-to-day functioning (Gotham, Brunwasser, & Lord, 2015;Mason et al., 2018;Mazurek, 2014;Oakley et al., 2021)”

    From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Gotham, Brunwasser, & Lord, 2015

    The Results section (‘Potential outcomes influenced by anxiety/depressive symptoms’; page unavailable) reports that higher symptoms tended to be associated with lower life satisfaction in early adulthood and that several symptom variables were associated with lower adaptive-behavior scores around age 18. The Discussion describes these findings as suggesting an impact on life satisfaction and social functioning. The paper does not establish the claimed significant causal effects or report a specific finding for well-being. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [38]Sparrow SS Cicchetti DV Balla DA Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: (Vineland II), Survey interview form/caregiver rating form Livonia, MN Pearson Assessments 2005
  2. [41]Moos RH Moos BS Family environment scale manual Washington, D.C. Consulting Psychologists Press 1994

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Authors
Gotham, K., Brunwasser, S. M., & Lord, C.
Affiliations
  • Vanderbilt University (US)
  • Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Gotham, Katherine
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-05
Volume
54
Issue
5
Pages
369-376.e3
ISSN
0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jaac.2015.02.005
PMC
PMC4407021
OpenAlex
W2049028231
Cited by
310
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9
FWCI
10.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Rowan Digitals Works (Rowan University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Autism Speaks (AS2482)
  • Vanderbilt University
  • Florida State University
  • Monash University
  • School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University
  • National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH 18921, R01MH066496, R01 MH066469, MH 081873, K01-MH103500-01A1, R25MH057167, T32MH018921, F32MH066469, K01MH103500, R01-MH57167, R01MH081873)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD081199)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, internalizing problems, symptom trajectories, early adulthood, adolescence, verbal IQ, gender differences, maternal education, emotion regulation, life satisfaction, social difficulties
MeSH terms
Behavior Rating Scale, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Anxiety, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Depression, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Regression Analysis, Schools, Young Adult, Self Report

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