Maternal Infection During Pregnancy and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
We conducted a nested case-control study including 407 cases and 2,075 frequency matched controls to investigate the association between maternal infections during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cases, controls, and maternal infections were ascertained from Kaiser Permanente Northern California clinical databases. No overall association between diagnoses of any maternal infection during pregnancy and ASD was observed [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) = 1.15, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.92-1.43]. However, women with infections diagnosed during a hospital admission (ORadj = 1.48, 95 % CI 1.07-2.04), particularly bacterial infections (ORadj = 1.58, 95 % CI 1.06-2.37), were at increased risk of delivering a child with ASD. Multiple infections during pregnancy were associated with ASD (ORadj = 1.36, 95 % CI 1.05-1.78).
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Maternal infection diagnosed at hospital admission, especially bacterial infection, correlates with increased ASD risk.
“A more expansive study by Zerbo et al (2015) found that maternal infection diagnosed at a hospital admission, especially bacterial ones, correlated with increased risk of ASD.”
From The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Zerbo et al, 2015
Maternal immune activation (MIA) via infection during pregnancy increases risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
“Maternal immune activation (MIA) via infection during pregnancy is known to increase risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD).”
From Maternal immune activation dysregulation of the fetal brain transcriptome and relevance to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
Maternal infection is a primary environmental risk factor for ASD.
“Maternal infection is a primary environmental risk factor for ASD based on numerous epidemiological, clinical and animal studies (93–98).”
From Emerging Roles for the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [98]
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- Authors
- Zerbo, O., Qian, Y., Yoshida, C., Grether, J. K., Van de Water, J., & Croen, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zerbo, Ousseny
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2013-12-24
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4015-4025
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC4108569
- OpenAlex
- W2092305484
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (AS1758)
- U.S. Public Health Service (U10/CCU920392)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P01ES011269)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- maternal infection, autism spectrum disorder, pregnancy, bacterial infection, hospitalization, co-infection, prenatal risk factors, maternal health
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, California, Child, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult
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