Maternal immune activation and autism spectrum disorder: From rodents to nonhuman and human primates
Open accessAbstract
A subset of women who are exposed to infection during pregnancy have an increased risk of giving birth to a child who will later be diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorder. Although epidemiology studies have primarily focused on the association between maternal infection and an increased risk of offspring schizophrenia, mounting evidence indicates that maternal infection may also increase the risk of autism spectrum disorder. A number of factors, including genetic susceptibility, the intensity and timing of the infection, and exposure to additional aversive postnatal events, may influence the extent to which maternal infection alters fetal brain development and which disease phenotype (autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, other neurodevelopmental disorders) is expressed. Preclinical animal models provide a test bed to systematically evaluate the effects of maternal infection on fetal brain development, determine the relevance to human central nervous system disorders, and to evaluate novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. Maternal immune activation models in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates suggest that the maternal immune response is the critical link between exposure to infection during pregnancy and subsequent changes in brain and behavioral development of offspring. However, differences in the type, severity, and timing of prenatal immune challenge paired with inconsistencies in behavioral phenotyping approaches have hindered the translation of preclinical results to human studies. Here we highlight the promises and limitations of the maternal immune activation model as a preclinical tool to study prenatal risk factors for autism spectrum disorder, and suggest specific changes to improve reproducibility and maximize translational potential.
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Maternal immune activation appears to play a significant role in many cases of idiopathic autism, suggesting a shared mechanism of risk.
“Interestingly, maternal immune activation (MIA) appears to play a significant role in many cases of idiopathic autism, suggesting a shared mechanism of risk [33].”
From The Relationship between Autism and Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes/Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Careaga, M., Murai, T., & Bauman, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma (Japan) (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Bauman, Melissa D.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 391-401
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5513502
- OpenAlex
- W2534869317
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 16
- FWCI
- 3.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (P51OD011107)
- University of California, Davis (T32MH073124, P50MH106438)
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (U54-HD079125)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K18MH105099, T32MH073124, P50MH106438)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD079125, R21HD080498)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- maternal immune activation, autism spectrum disorder, prenatal infection, maternal infection, fetal brain development, schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders, animal models, non-human primates, translational research, behavioral phenotyping, reproducibility
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Animals, Brain, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Poly C, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Mice, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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