Sex Differences in Internalizing Problems During Adolescence in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
We hypothesized that the double hit conferred by sex and diagnosis increases the risk for internalizing disorders in adolescent females with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a sample of 32 adolescents with ASD and 32 controls, we examined the effects of sex, diagnostic factors, and developmental stages on depression and anxiety. A 3-way interaction revealed that females with ASD exhibited greater depressive symptoms than males with ASD and female controls particularly during early adolescence; therefore, females with ASD might have a unique combination of genetic, hormonal, and psychosocial vulnerabilities that heighten their risk for depression during early adolescence. Additionally, the ASD group reported high levels of separation anxiety and panic in late adolescence, possibly indicating atypical development of independence.
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Sex and gender differences in emotion regulation, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression and their relationships have been documented in autistic populations.
“In autistic populations, sex and gender differences in ER, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression and their relationships have been documented (Jenkinson et al., 2020; Oswald et al., 2016; Wieckowski et al., 2020).”
From The relationship between distress tolerance and behavioral activation on anxiety and depression symptomatology in autistic youth: Leveraging self and caregiver perspectives (2024) · cites this paper as Oswald et al., 2016
Autistic people assigned female at birth may be more likely to experience internalizing disorders than people assigned male at birth.
“Though autistic people assigned female at birth may be more likely to experience internalizing disorders than people assigned male at birth (Cai et al., 2017; Jenkinson et al., 2020; Oswald et al., 2016; Wieckowski et al., 2020)”
From The relationship between distress tolerance and behavioral activation on anxiety and depression symptomatology in autistic youth: Leveraging self and caregiver perspectives (2024) · cites this paper as Oswald et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Oswald, T. M., Winter-Messiers, M. A., Gibson, B., Schmidt, A. M., Herr, C. M., & Solomon, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Pacific University Oregon (US)
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Oswald, Tasha M.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2015-10-05
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 624-636
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W1874090168
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, sex differences, internalizing problems, depression, anxiety, adolescents, early adolescence, separation anxiety, panic, developmental stages
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Adolescent Development, Sexual Development
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