The Prevalence of Self-injurious Behaviour in Autism: A Meta-analytic Study
Open accessAbstract
Self-injurious behaviour is purportedly common in autism, but prevalence rates have not yet been synthesised meta-analytically. In the present study, data from 14,379 participants in thirty-seven papers were analysed to generate a pooled prevalence estimate of self-injury in autism of 42% (confidence intervals 0.38–0.47). Hand-hitting topography was the most common form of self-injury (23%), self-cutting topography the least common (3%). Sub-group analyses revealed no association between study quality, participant intellectual disability or age and overall prevalence rate of self-injury. However, females obtained higher prevalence rates than males ( p = .013) and hair pulling and self-scratching were associated with intellectual disability ( p = .008 and p = .002, respectively). The results confirm very high rates of self-injury in autism and highlight within group risk-markers.
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A recent meta-study reported that prevalence rates of SIB in the ASD population may be as high as 42%.
“A recent meta-study reported that prevalence rates of SIB in the ASD population may be as high as 42% [121].”
From Pharmacological treatment in autism: a proposal for guidelines on common co-occurring psychiatric symptoms (2025) · cites this paper as [121]
A meta-analysis including 37 studies revealed a prevalence of self-harm of 42% in autistic individuals, irrespective of age and the presence or absence of intellectual disability (ID).
“A meta-analysis including 37 studies revealed a prevalence of self-harm of 42% in autistic individuals, irrespective of age and the presence or the absence of intellectual disability (ID) (Steenfeldt-Kristensen et al., 2020).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Steenfeldt-Kristensen et al., 2020
Behaviors such as impulsivity and/or inattention can be contributing factors for injuries and unintentional incidents in children with ASD/ADHD.
“Behaviors such as impulsivity and/or inattention can be contributing factors for injuries and unintentional incidents in children with ASD/ADHD.58,59”
From Mortality in Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [58]
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- Authors
- Steenfeldt-Kristensen, C., Jones, C. A., & Richards, C.
- Affiliations
- Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust (GB)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Richards, Caroline
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2020-04-15
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3857-3873
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC7557528
- OpenAlex
- W3016276573
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- self-harm, autism spectrum disorder, prevalence, self-cutting, intellectual disability, sex differences, hair pulling, risk indicators
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Autistic Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, Prevalence, Self-Injurious Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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