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Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16
Open accessAbstract
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a widely-used, theoretically-driven, and psychometrically-sound self-report measure of emotion regulation difficulties. However, at 36-items, the DERS may be challenging to administer in some situations or settings (e.g., in the course of patient care or large-scale epidemiological studies). Consequently, there is a need a briefer version of the DERS. The goal of the present studies was to develop and evaluate a 16-item version of the DERS - the DERS-16. The reliability and validity of the DERS-16 were examined in a clinical sample (N = 96) and two large community samples (Ns = 102 and 482). The validity of the DERS-16 was evaluated comparing the relative strength of the association of the two versions of the DERS with measures of emotion regulation and related constructs, psychopathology, and clinically-relevant behaviors theorized to stem from emotion regulation deficits. Results demonstrate that the DERS-16 has retained excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Further, the DERS-16 showed minimal differences in its convergent and discriminant validity with relevant measures when compared to the original DERS. In conclusion, the DERS-16 offers a valid and brief method for the assessment of overall emotion regulation difficulties.
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“A total score was calculated using the remaining five subscales (30 items total), consistent with a recently developed short-form measure (DERS-SF-5; Bjureberg et al., 2016). The α for the included scales ranged from .82 to .90.”
From Facets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Emotion Regulation in University Students (2024) · cites this paper as Bjureberg et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The DERS-16 has good psychometric properties in adolescents [159]”
From Efficacy of a transdiagnostic Internet prevention approach in adolescents (EMPATIA study): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [159]
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“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [137]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“DERS-16 reported good test–retest reliability [46] and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas between 0.87 and 0.96) [47].”
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“Correlating with anxiety, depression, stress, borderline traits, and more, the DERS-16 has good construct validity [29,47,50].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“Finally, the absence of significant correlations between both DERS versions and the FFMQ observe subscale is in-line with previous research (Baer et al., 2006), and suggests that the omission of items from the lack of emotional awareness subscale from the DERS-16 did not negatively influence the strength of its relati…”
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“The discussion in this paper focuses on the three scales because of their interesting findings: GAD-2 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) [14], CAMS-R (Cognitive Affective Scale of Mindfulness Revised) [9], and DERS-16 (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) [7].”
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“• Level of difficulties in emotion regulation is measured with the self-report Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, short version (DERS-16) [64,65].”
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“Emotional dysregulation is evaluated through the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) [29, 30], demonstrating Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.948 (baseline) and 0.953 (follow-up).”
InfluentialNyoni, P., Gibbs, A., Mkhwanazi, S., & Tomita, A. M. (2026) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2026.2635751
“The primary exposure variable of the study was emotional dysregulation, assessed using the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16) (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
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“The scale, developed by Biureberg et al 21 as a short form of the DERS scale, consists of 16 items and allows participants to be assessed through self-reporting.”
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“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16) consists of 16 items covering 5 subscales [38].”
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“Bjureberg et al 79 Emotion regulation The short version of DERS contains 16 items that assess: non-acceptance of negative emotions (3 items), inability to engage in goal-directed behaviours when distressed (3 items), difficulties controlling impulsive behaviours when distressed (3 items), limited access to emotion reg…”
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“Both the original study and subsequent research have suggested that the DERS-16 is valid and reliable measure of emotion regulation difficulties (Bjureberg et al., 2016; Nooripour et al., 2023 ; Yiğit & Guzey Yiğit, 2019 ).”
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“The DERS-16 was developed by Bjureberg et al. (2016).”
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“DERS-16 was developed by Bjureberg et al. (2016) to assess difficulties in emotion regulation [23].”
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“Future studies could build on these results by incorporating well-validated instruments such as the Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-26; Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
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“The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ranged from 0.92 to 0.95 (Bjureberg et al., 2016); it is 0.726 in the current study.”
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“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale‑16 Emotion regulation difficulties were assessed using the 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016), adapted for use in Chinese university student samples.”
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“In our research sample, the Cronbach’s alpha value of the scale was 0.82 [19,20].”
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“Internal consistency (Cronbach α) for most measures was similar to values reported in the original validation studies [63-66 , 68-75 68-75, 81 ].”
REGULAÇÃO EMOCIONAL E SINTOMATOLOGIA PSIQUIÁTRICA DE MÃES DE NEONATOS INTERNADOS EM UMA MATERNIDADE
de Araújo, V. S., Oliveira, S. A. D. S., de Medeiros, M. T. B., Rodrigues, J. F. D. P. V., & Gadelha, M. J. N. (2026) · Psicologia e Saúde em Debate · doi:10.22289/2446-922x.v12a1a70
Development and validation of the Online Media for Avoidance Coping Scale
Shin, M., Juventin, M., Prichard, I. J., & Kemps, E. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113955
Faulkenberry, R. S., Hicks, A. D., & Byllesby, B. M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70170
MUTLU, Ş., & Demir, E. K. (2026) · Türk Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1742322
Murphy, T. L., Smith, A., Glazebrook, C., & Nixon, E. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1842137
Sivritaş, S., & Fiş, N. P. (2026) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2026.2689596
Osório, C., Culloty, L., Talwar, S., Ferrier, S., Billings, J., & Greene, T. (2026) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqag039
“The ‘Difficulties in Emotional Regulation 16-Item (DERS-16)’ is a self-report measure assessing key symptoms of emotional dysregulation, including negative emotional intensity, emotional impulsivity and psychological inflexibility [21].”
Development and Validation of the Social–Emotional Competence Questionnaire for College Students
Li, C., & Xiu-li, L. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16061024
“Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater emotion regulation difficulties (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
Kayacı, M., & Güzel, H. Ş. (2026) · Türk Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1698603
Li, Y., Knoll, M. A., & Obsuth, I. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122151 · Cited by 1
Reliability and construct validity of the Hungarian version of Skindex-Mini
Német, B., Varga, B. A., Kiss, N., Çakır, U., Sárdy, M., & Rigó, A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0350749
“• Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16) [14,15] is a 16-item self-report measure that assesses clinically relevant difficulties in emotion regulation.”
Aytaç, M., & Erol, E. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-05027-x
“The original scale was developed by Bjureberg et al. [49] as 36 items.”
EKİNCİ, H. B., Birkök, M. C., Kaçay, Z., Işık, Ö., Talaghir, L.-G., Coja, D. M., BERDILA, A., & Olaru, B. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1890888
“The original scale was developed by Gratz and Roemer (Gratz and Roemer, 2004), and a shorter 16-item version was later developed by Bjureberg et al. (2016).”
Abate, R., Punzo, G., & Velotti, P. (2026) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-026-02841-w
Ding, R., Xie, Y. D., & Wang, Q. (2026) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221261458351
“The short-form of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS, Bjureberg et al., 2016) was used to evaluate participants’ emotion regulation difficulties.”
Denning, D. M., Miller, M. G. B., Finkelstein, J. R. J., DeFontes, C. G., & Brown, T. A. (2026) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911261451784
Bunz, M., Derhardt, R., Schreiber, F., Seehagen, S., & Schneider, S. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04935-2
“…reliability and validity, particularly discriminant validity and test–retest reliability, remains largely derived from adult populations and questionnaire-based measures [26, 28, 33, 224], with comparatively limited data available for behavioral observations and physiological measures in children.”
Development of career wisdom: A time-lagged examination of the role of MORE resources
Xu, H. (2026) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2026.104267
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Caccese, J. B., Wing, J. J., Smith, C. R., Edwards, N. A., Beach, T. J., Hagen, J. A., & Oñate, J. A. (2026) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000001194
Metadata
- Authors
- Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bjureberg, Johan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2015-09-14
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 284-296
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- PMC
- PMC4882111
- OpenAlex
- W2172838886
- Cited by
- 1,081
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 217 · 2025: 186 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD062226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, scale shortening, psychometric validation, self-report measures, psychopathology, convergent and discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency
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