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Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16
Open accessAbstract
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a widely-used, theoretically-driven, and psychometrically-sound self-report measure of emotion regulation difficulties. However, at 36-items, the DERS may be challenging to administer in some situations or settings (e.g., in the course of patient care or large-scale epidemiological studies). Consequently, there is a need a briefer version of the DERS. The goal of the present studies was to develop and evaluate a 16-item version of the DERS - the DERS-16. The reliability and validity of the DERS-16 were examined in a clinical sample (N = 96) and two large community samples (Ns = 102 and 482). The validity of the DERS-16 was evaluated comparing the relative strength of the association of the two versions of the DERS with measures of emotion regulation and related constructs, psychopathology, and clinically-relevant behaviors theorized to stem from emotion regulation deficits. Results demonstrate that the DERS-16 has retained excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Further, the DERS-16 showed minimal differences in its convergent and discriminant validity with relevant measures when compared to the original DERS. In conclusion, the DERS-16 offers a valid and brief method for the assessment of overall emotion regulation difficulties.
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“A total score was calculated using the remaining five subscales (30 items total), consistent with a recently developed short-form measure (DERS-SF-5; Bjureberg et al., 2016). The α for the included scales ranged from .82 to .90.”
From Facets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Emotion Regulation in University Students (2024) · cites this paper as Bjureberg et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The DERS-16 has good psychometric properties in adolescents [159]”
From Efficacy of a transdiagnostic Internet prevention approach in adolescents (EMPATIA study): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [159]
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“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [137]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“DERS-16 reported good test–retest reliability [46] and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas between 0.87 and 0.96) [47].”
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“Correlating with anxiety, depression, stress, borderline traits, and more, the DERS-16 has good construct validity [29,47,50].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“Finally, the absence of significant correlations between both DERS versions and the FFMQ observe subscale is in-line with previous research (Baer et al., 2006), and suggests that the omission of items from the lack of emotional awareness subscale from the DERS-16 did not negatively influence the strength of its relati…”
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Method
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“Participants with a history of binge drinking in the past month, and with high score on the brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Bjureberg et al. 2016) were recruited via advertisement into an 8-week therapist assisted online skills group or a waitlist control group.”
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“ER Abilities at T3 The Brief Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [DERS-16; (46)] was used to evaluate young adults’ difficulties in ER, including lack of emotional clarity (e.”
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“94) and convergent validity with other measures across varied demographic groups [33,34].”
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“The subscales were retained in two versions (DERS-SF and DERS-18), while they were not included in the other (DERS-16).”
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“The Turkish Version Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form (TV-DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016; Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Yiğit & Guzey Yiğit, 2019) is used to determine participants’ emotion regulation difficulties.”
Do Difficulties Regulating Positive Emotions Contribute to Risky Sexual Behavior? A Path Analysis
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“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale - 16 (DERS; Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
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InfluentialRuan, Q.-N., Chen, C.-M., Yang, J.-S., Yan, W., & Huang, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1230807 · Cited by 29
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“Difficulties with emotion regulation were measured in the study sample using the Brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) [54], a shorter version of the original 36-item scale [55].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLee, J.-S., Kim, S., Lee, J.-H., Kim, J.-W., Yoo, J. H., Han, D. H., Hwang, H., Choi, C.-H., & Seo, D. G. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00801-4 · Cited by 24
“A higher DERS-16 score indicates greater difficulties in emotion regulation [3].”
BackgroundRaudales, A. M., Weiss, N. H., Schmidt, N. B., & Short, N. A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.028 · Cited by 24
Bagrowska, P., Pionke‐Ubych, R., & Gawęda, Ł. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.11.005 · Cited by 35
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“The original validation study could not provide information on the appropriateness for use with both genders due to involving a majority of female participants [39].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe differential relation of trauma types with negative and positive emotion dysregulation
Berfield, J. B., Goncharenko, S., Forkus, S. R., Contractor, A. A., & Weiss, N. H. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1964072 · Cited by 25
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – 16 (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016) is a 16-item self-report measure developed to assess clinically relevant difficulties in the regulation of negative emotions.”
BackgroundLucarini, A., Fuochi, G., & Voci, A. (2023) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000717 · Cited by 23
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“We measured emotion regulation with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16) (Bjureberg et al., 2016), a short 16-item version of the original 36 item DERS (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
MethodResultInfluentialWångby‐Lundh, M., Lundh, L., Claréus, B., Bjärehed, J., & Daukantaité, D. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00660-5 · Cited by 22
“Regulation Scale (DERS-16; [59]) was used to assess participants’ difficulties to regulate emotions, from several aspects including lack of emotional clarity (e.g., “I have difficulty making sense out of my feelings”), difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors (e.g., “When I am upset, I have…”
MethodSelf-citationLinardon, J., Anderson, C., McClure, Z., Liu, C., Messer, M., Jarman, H. K., & Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724002800 · Cited by 22
“We also assessed DBT mechanisms as secondary outcomes, including mindfulness ( ω > 0.92) using the 15-item Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer et al., 2008), emotion regulation ( ω > 0.87) using the 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Bjureberg et al., 2016), and distress tolerance ( ω > 0.94) us…”
InfluentialPaltell, K. C., Bing‐Canar, H., Ranney, R. M., Tran, J. K., Berenz, E. C., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09731-4 · Cited by 22
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“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016) is a 16-item self-report measure of difficulties regulating negative emotions across five domains: nonacceptance of negative emotions, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior when distressed, difficulties controlling impulsive be…”
BackgroundInfluentialLawlor, C., Vitoratou, S., Hepworth, C., & Jolley, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23164 · Cited by 24
“This is in accordance with the findings of other studies (Bjureberg et al., 2016; Shahabi et al., 2018; Yiĝit & Yiĝit, 2017).”
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“Difficulties in emotion regulation scale Brief Version of the DERS is a self-report index designed to assess difficulties in emotion regulation (73).”
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“DERS-16 has shown good psychometric properties [14].”
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Brown, F. L., Bosqui, T. J., Elias, J., Farah, S., Mayya, A., Nakkoul, D. A., Walsh, B., Chreif, S., Einein, A., Meksassi, B., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06284-y · Cited by 21
“Two measures that had not been used in Lebanon previously—the Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation (SCORE) Index of Family Functioning [17] and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form (DERS-SF [18])— were translated into simple, non-formal Arabic that can be understood by participants in th…”
MethodKing, G., Kehoe, C. E., Havighurst, S. S., Youssef, G. J., Macdonald, J. A., Dunsmore, J. C., Berkowitz, T. S., & Westrupp, E. M. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221126919 · Cited by 24
Alfonsson, S., Winai, E., Collin, E., Isaksson, M., & Wolf‐Arehult, M. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2830 · Cited by 28
Wilks, C. R., Yin, Q., Ang, S. Y., Matsumiya, B., Lungu, A., & Linehan, M. M. (2017) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.7767 · Cited by 25
Kennedy, C., Deane, F. P., & Chan, A. Y. C. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.05.006 · Cited by 21
Mechler, J., Lindqvist, K., Magnusson, K., Ringström, A., Krafman, J. D., Alvinzi, P., Kassius, L., Sowa, J., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-024-00063-0 · Cited by 22
Monell, E., Birgegård, A., Nordgren, L., Hesser, H., & Bjureberg, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23286 · Cited by 20
“DERS ‐ 16 (Bjureberg et al., 2016) was extracted from DERS ‐ 36, retaining 3 items from the Non ‐ Acceptance subscale, 3 items from the Goals subscale, 3 items from the Impulse subscale, 5 items from the Strategies subscale, 2 items from the Goals subscale, and no items from the Awareness subscale…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationA mixed‐methods approach to improve the measurement of alcohol‐induced blackouts: ABOM ‐2
Boness, C. L., Gatten, N., Treece, M., & Miller, M. B. (2022) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14882 · Cited by 20
Profiles of parent emotion socialization: Longitudinal associations with child emotional outcomes
Frogley, W. J., King, G., & Westrupp, E. M. (2023) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2023.200274 · Cited by 20
Shi, Z., Qu, Y., & Wang, Q. (2024) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2024.102257 · Cited by 20
Seong, E., Lee, K. H., Lee, J.-S., Kim, S., Seo, D. G., Yoo, J. H., Han, D. H., Hwang, H., Choi, C.-H., & Kim, J.-W. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05533-5 · Cited by 22
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)- 16 [56] is a short form of the 36-item original DERS [57].”
BackgroundResultRogers, A. H., Garey, L., Allan, N. P., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103786 · Cited by 21
Mechler, J., Lindqvist, K., Falkenström, F., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Philips, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00671 · Cited by 19
Elsaesser, M., Herpertz, S., Piosczyk, H., Jenkner, C., Hautzinger, M., & Schramm, E. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057672 · Cited by 19
Roche, L. T., & Menon, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.585300 · Cited by 19
Cipriano, A., Aprea, C., Bellone, L., Cotrufo, P., & Cella, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737544 · Cited by 19
Yang, C., Wang, J., Shao, Y., Liu, M., & Geng, F. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105822 · Cited by 19
Smith, C., Sorsdahl, K. R., & van der Westhuizen, C. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152476 · Cited by 25
Cultivating emotional resilience in adolescent girls: Effects of a growth emotion mindset lesson
Rudolph, K. D., Troop‐Gordon, W., Skymba, H. V., Modi, H. H., Ye, Z., Clapham, R. B., Dodson, J., Finnegan, M. K., & Heller, W. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14175 · Cited by 23
“Items were drawn or adapted from well-established measures (Bjureberg et al., 2016; Gross & John, 2003; Salovey et al., 1995; Treynor et al., 2003) or developed for this study.”
Klanecky, A. K., Robinson, A. M., Mills, M. S., Khanna, M. M., Bar‐Haim, Y., & Badura-Brack, A. S. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1743235 · Cited by 19
Griffith, E. L., Jin, L., Contractor, A. A., Slavish, D. C., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.052 · Cited by 18
Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress, and Psychosis
Hardy, A., van de Giessen, I., & van den Berg, D. P. G. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815012-2.00010-9 · Cited by 18
Tang, E., Jones, C., Smith‐MacDonald, L., Brown, M. R. G., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Brémault‐Phillips, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212243 · Cited by 18
Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI)
Tabrizi, F. F., Larsson, A. B., Grönvall, H., Söderstrand, L., Hallén, E., Champoux-Larsson, M.-F., Lundgren, T., Sundström, F., Lavefjord, A., Buhrman, M., et al. (2023) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2022.2153077 · Cited by 18
“Note: ** = p < .01; Acc = Acceptance; PrMoAw = Present Moment Awareness; SelfCtx = Self as Context; CoAc = Committed Action; ExpAv = Experiential Avoidance; LCPM = Lack of Contact with the Present Moment; SelfCon= Self as Content; LCV = Lack Contact with Values; AAQ-II = Acceptance and Action Questionnaire; AFQ-Y8 = A…”
BackgroundMide, M., Arvidson, E., & Gordh, A. S. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10183-x · Cited by 18
Messer, M., Lee, S., & Linardon, J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23569 · Cited by 23
“Evidence of internal consistency, test − retest reliability, and convergent validity of the DERS ‐ 16 has been established (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodDanasasmita, F. S., Pandia, V., Fitriana, E., Afriandi, I., Purba, F. D., Ichsan, A., Pradana, K., Santoso, A. H. S., Mardhiyah, F. S., & Engellia, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1380354 · Cited by 18
“The awareness subscales were removed from DERS-16, but this did not result in better concurrent validity from either DERS-SF or DERS-18.”
Attentional Bias Modification in Virtual Reality – A VR-Based Dot-Probe Task With 2D and 3D Stimuli
Ma, L., Kruijt, A., Nöjd, S., Zetterlund, E., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02526 · Cited by 18
Evaluation of the Implementation of a Well-being Promotion Program for College Students
Long, R. B., Kennedy, M., Spink, K. M., & Lengua, L. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.610931 · Cited by 18
Shi, X., Qi, H., Wang, S., Li, Z., Li, Z., & Fan, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.748064 · Cited by 20
“The Chinese version of DERS16 was translated by our research team.”
MethodInfluentialDai, W., Wang, H., & Yang, Z. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108469 · Cited by 17
Lukito, S., Chandler, S., Kakoulidou, M., Griffiths, K., Wyatt, A., Funnell, E., Pavlopoulou, G., Baker, S., Stahl, D. R., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70003 · Cited by 19
Westrupp, E. M., Macdonald, J. A., Bennett, C., Havighurst, S. S., Kehoe, C. E., Foley, D., Berkowitz, T. S., King, G., & Youssef, G. J. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038124 · Cited by 25
Siegel, A., Mor, I., & Lahav, Y. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1968597 · Cited by 18
“found to have good test-retest reliability and adequate convergent validity (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMoya-Solís, A., & Moreta‐Herrera, R. (2022) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/psye.v14i1.14066 · Cited by 22
“Escala de Dificultades de Regulación Emocional de 16 ítems (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016; Gratz y Roemer, 2004) en la versión traducida al español de Hervás y Jódar (2008).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bjureberg, Johan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2015-09-14
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 284-296
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- PMC
- PMC4882111
- OpenAlex
- W2172838886
- Cited by
- 1,081
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 217 · 2025: 186 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD062226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, scale shortening, psychometric validation, self-report measures, psychopathology, convergent and discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency
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