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Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16
Open accessAbstract
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a widely-used, theoretically-driven, and psychometrically-sound self-report measure of emotion regulation difficulties. However, at 36-items, the DERS may be challenging to administer in some situations or settings (e.g., in the course of patient care or large-scale epidemiological studies). Consequently, there is a need a briefer version of the DERS. The goal of the present studies was to develop and evaluate a 16-item version of the DERS - the DERS-16. The reliability and validity of the DERS-16 were examined in a clinical sample (N = 96) and two large community samples (Ns = 102 and 482). The validity of the DERS-16 was evaluated comparing the relative strength of the association of the two versions of the DERS with measures of emotion regulation and related constructs, psychopathology, and clinically-relevant behaviors theorized to stem from emotion regulation deficits. Results demonstrate that the DERS-16 has retained excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Further, the DERS-16 showed minimal differences in its convergent and discriminant validity with relevant measures when compared to the original DERS. In conclusion, the DERS-16 offers a valid and brief method for the assessment of overall emotion regulation difficulties.
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“A total score was calculated using the remaining five subscales (30 items total), consistent with a recently developed short-form measure (DERS-SF-5; Bjureberg et al., 2016). The α for the included scales ranged from .82 to .90.”
From Facets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Emotion Regulation in University Students (2024) · cites this paper as Bjureberg et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The DERS-16 has good psychometric properties in adolescents [159]”
From Efficacy of a transdiagnostic Internet prevention approach in adolescents (EMPATIA study): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [159]
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“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [137]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“DERS-16 reported good test–retest reliability [46] and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas between 0.87 and 0.96) [47].”
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“Correlating with anxiety, depression, stress, borderline traits, and more, the DERS-16 has good construct validity [29,47,50].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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Citations
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“The essential validity and reliability study for the short form of this scale (DERS-16) was reported by Bjureberg et al. (2016).”
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“Emotional dysregulation was assessed using the 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), a psychometrically validated instrument for Chinese adolescent populations [49, 50].”
Bi, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Xu, H., Yuan, J., & Luo, L. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-26150-1 · Cited by 2
“The DERS-16 [34]is a shortened version of the original Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) [35] and is used to assess the overall level of emotional regulation difficulties.”
Tian, Y., Ding, H., & Yue, W. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-06568-7 · Cited by 3
“ERDs were assessed using the brief 16-item version of the Dif fi culties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016); DERS-16 items are rated on a scale with endpoints ranging from 1 ( almost never ) to 5 ( almost always ).”
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“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale − 16 item version (DERS-16) developed by Bjureberg et al. (2016) was used, which comprised of five dimensions: non-acceptance of negative emotions, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, limited access to emotion…”
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“[Hungarian] [40] Bjureberg J, Ljótsson B, Tull MT, et al.”
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“, 2016) since the DERS16 has excluded the Awareness subscale and exhibited sound reliability and validity (Bjureberg et al., 2016; Hallion et al., 2018).”
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“To assess this relationship pattern, we conducted multiple linear regressions, using each of the pupil indexes as dependent variables, and the mindfulness (total score of the FFMQ) and emotional dysregulation (total score of the DERS) scores as predictors.”
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“20 The scale consists of fi ve subscales: “ Clarity ” (lack of emotional clarity), “ Goals ” (dif fi culty in goal-directed behavior), “ Impulsivity ” (dif fi cul-ty in impulsecontrol), “ Strategies ” (limited access toemotion regulation strategies), and “ Nonacceptance ” (dif fi culty in accepting…”
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“This short form, the DERS-16 (Bjureberg et al., 2016), has 16 items, which are rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 = almost never to 5 = almost always.”
InfluentialDonate, A. P. G., Cousijn, J., Kroon, E., & Thomsen, K. R. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70525 · Cited by 2
“Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16) [21] to assess emotion regulation difficulties, with higher scores indicating greater difficulties.”
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“In addition, several self-report assessment questionnaires will be administered for sample description and secondary analyses including measures of emotion regulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [42]; UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale [43]), clinical impairment (Clinical Impairment Assessment [44]), behavi…”
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“Designed by Bjureberg et al. (2016) (Bjureberg et al., 2016), the DERS-16 consists of 16 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1 “almost never” to 5 “almost always”), with total scores ranging from 16 to 80.”
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“This finding coincides with other studies which also suggest that this dimension should not be used, or that question its relevance (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
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Basharpoor, S., & Ahmadi, S. (2024) · مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان · doi:10.61186/jrums.23.2.90 · Cited by 1
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Relationship Between Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Gambling Tendencies of University Students
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Ulaş, S., Seçer, İ., Victory, E. J., & McNeil, C. B. (2024) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2024.2420964 · Cited by 1
“Caregivers completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), a 16-item self-report instrument developed by Bjureberg et al .”
Differential patterns of emotion regulation in sexual minority adolescents in residential treatment
Schuttenberg, E. M., Pastro, B., Kelberman, C., Cohen‐Gilbert, J. E., Stein, E., Rieselbach, M. M., Sneider, J. T., Blossom, J. B., Keuroghlian, A. S., & Silveri, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.11.028 · Cited by 1
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Çelik, F. G. H., Aktaş, Y. E., Kıraz, S., Şeker, D., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2025) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2025.2467910 · Cited by 1
“A concise version created by Bjureberg et al. (2016), this scale contains 16 items divided into five subscales.”
The Internal Moderation Questionnaire (IMQ): A Novel Measure of Self-Regulation
Ayas, G., Şar, V., Şenol, Ş. H., & Kurtça, T. T. (2025) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2025.2481030 · Cited by 1
“The 16-item abbreviated version was utilized in the present study (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
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Gilbert, P., Basran, J. K., Plowright, P., Morter, K., Schofield, M. B., & Gilbert, J. (2025) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12588 · Cited by 1
“A short version of the scale comprising 16 items was developed by Bjureberg et al. (2016).”
The impact of personality traits on the return of major depression: a case–control study
Altaweel, N., Upthegrove, R., & Marwaha, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1454673 · Cited by 1
Pickering, C. E. Z., Yıldız, M., Browning, W. R., Chilatra, J. A. H., Yefimova, M., Maxwell, C. D., & Sullivan, T. P. (2025) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnaf132 · Cited by 1
“…(a) nonacceptance of negative emotions, (b) difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior when distressed, (c) difficulty controlling impulsive behaviors when distressed, (d) limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies, and (e) lack of emotional clarity (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
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“High scores indicate that the respondent experiences a high level of difficulty in emotion regulation (Bjureberg et al., 2016; Yiğit & Guzey Yiğit, 2019).”
InfluentialLiu, L., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2025.2487678 · Cited by 1
“For instance, Rush et al. (2003) reported coefficient alpha ranging from 0.73 to 0.92 for the 16-item QIDS-SR, and Bjureberg et al. (2016) reported a reliability range of 0.92 to 0.94 for the 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale.”
InfluentialSimpson, K. M., McHardy, R. J. W., Zhou, J. W., Levasseur-Puhach, S., Côté, C. M., Braun, M., Clement, F. M., MacKinnon, A., Nickel, N. C., Afifi, T. O., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06964-4 · Cited by 4
“Change in positive parenting will be measured by four items of the PSI-4-SF that tap parenting self-efficacy [44, 59, 60].”
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Warton, W., Byrne, M. L., & Kiekens, W. J. (2025) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2025.2507821 · Cited by 1
“To assess emotional dysregulation, the brief 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Bjureberg et al., 2016) was used.”
Lo, C. K. M., Chan, E. W. W., Cho, Y. W., & Chan, E. Y. C. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00053 · Cited by 1
“The 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) (Bjureberg et al., 2016) was used to measure parents ’ dif fi - culty in regulating their emotions.”
YAŞAR, Z. E., & Yaman, N. (2025) · Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.35365/25.2.07 · Cited by 1
Traş, Z., İbaoğlu, E. N., & Yakıcı, H. B. (2025) · İZÜ Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.46423/izujed.1538545 · Cited by 1
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“Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale–16 (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
Özbay, A., & Şahin, Ö. S. K. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251363909 · Cited by 1
Nigar, S., & Can, F. (2025) · Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.11616/asbi.1658418 · Cited by 1
Tunç, P., Çağlın, D., & Ülgen, M. R. K. (2025) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.1703218 · Cited by 1
Rathod, K., & Goodhines, P. A. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2540936 · Cited by 1
Lengua, L. J., Calhoun, R. E., Balinbin, I., Long, R. B., Spink, K. M., & Angeles, M. (2025) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-025-05043-1 · Cited by 1
Maroti, D., Ljungdahl, M., Petersen, H., Rööst, M., Falkenström, F., & Lilliengren, P. (2025) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001424 · Cited by 2
Szabo, Y. Z., Lantrip, C., McGuire, A. P., Coppin, J. D., Mendoza, C., & Creech, S. K. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70102 · Cited by 1
“Scale‐16 (DERS‐16; Bjureberg et al. 2016).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bjureberg, Johan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2015-09-14
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 284-296
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- PMC
- PMC4882111
- OpenAlex
- W2172838886
- Cited by
- 1,081
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 217 · 2025: 186 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD062226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, scale shortening, psychometric validation, self-report measures, psychopathology, convergent and discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency
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