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Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16
Open accessAbstract
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a widely-used, theoretically-driven, and psychometrically-sound self-report measure of emotion regulation difficulties. However, at 36-items, the DERS may be challenging to administer in some situations or settings (e.g., in the course of patient care or large-scale epidemiological studies). Consequently, there is a need a briefer version of the DERS. The goal of the present studies was to develop and evaluate a 16-item version of the DERS - the DERS-16. The reliability and validity of the DERS-16 were examined in a clinical sample (N = 96) and two large community samples (Ns = 102 and 482). The validity of the DERS-16 was evaluated comparing the relative strength of the association of the two versions of the DERS with measures of emotion regulation and related constructs, psychopathology, and clinically-relevant behaviors theorized to stem from emotion regulation deficits. Results demonstrate that the DERS-16 has retained excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Further, the DERS-16 showed minimal differences in its convergent and discriminant validity with relevant measures when compared to the original DERS. In conclusion, the DERS-16 offers a valid and brief method for the assessment of overall emotion regulation difficulties.
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“A total score was calculated using the remaining five subscales (30 items total), consistent with a recently developed short-form measure (DERS-SF-5; Bjureberg et al., 2016). The α for the included scales ranged from .82 to .90.”
From Facets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Emotion Regulation in University Students (2024) · cites this paper as Bjureberg et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The DERS-16 has good psychometric properties in adolescents [159]”
From Efficacy of a transdiagnostic Internet prevention approach in adolescents (EMPATIA study): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [159]
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“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [137]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“DERS-16 reported good test–retest reliability [46] and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas between 0.87 and 0.96) [47].”
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“Correlating with anxiety, depression, stress, borderline traits, and more, the DERS-16 has good construct validity [29,47,50].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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Gardini, V., Ruini, C., Tossani, E., Grandi, S., & Tomba, E. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12237470 · Cited by 9
“DERS-16 reported good test–retest reliability [46] and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas between 0.87 and 0.96) [47].”
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“Not all participants had a clear emotion dysregulation on DERS-16.”
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“Dif fi culties in Emotion Regulation were measured using the Dif fi culties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
Weinmar, F., Fransson, E., Derntl, B., & Skalkidou, A. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00531-2 · Cited by 6
“This study ultimately aims to assess the utility of the DERS-16 as a concise screening tool during pregnancy, enhancing PeriND risk assessment and guiding prevention and intervention strategies 35,37,38,41 .”
InfluentialBäcklund, C., Sörman, D. E., Gavelin, H. M., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., & Ljungberg, J. K. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100663 · Cited by 6
“The DERS-16 (Bjureberg et al., 2016) is a brief 16-item self-report version of the original form of DERS (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), assessing emotion dysregulation across five domains, including lack of emotional clarity (e.g., “ I have difficulty making sense out of my feelings ” ), difficulty…”
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“Emotion regulation was measured by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief version (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016), which measures difficulty in emotional regulation along five dimensions: clarity (lack of emotional clarity), goals (difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior), impulse (impulse contro…”
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“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale 16 (DERS16; Bjureberg et al., 2016) is a valid and reliable self-report questionnaire (Hallion et al.”
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“The scale demonstrates excellent internal reliability (α = 0.92 − 0.95) and good convergent validity (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
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“This scale, which is the abbreviated form (Bjureberg et al., 2016) of the Emotion Regulation Difficulty Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), consists of 4 sub-items (clarity, aims, impulse tactics, and rejection) and a total of 16 items.”
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“Parent’s difficulties in emotion regulation was assessed using a well-validated short form of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) (Bjureberg et al., 2015).”
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“The brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a 16-item self-report scale that assesses individuals’ typical levels of emotional dysregulation across five domains: lack of emotional clarity (2 items), difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior (3 items), impulse control difficulties…”
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“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) is a brief assessment of overall emotion regulation difficulties [28].”
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“The DERS-16 scores yield sound psychometric properties (Bjureberg et al., 2016); the total scale score demonstrated good internal reliability (α = .95) in the current study.”
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“Each of the five DERS-16 subscales was entered at step two of each model in order to estimate the amount of variance accounted for by these variables.”
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“The DERS-16 is based on a clinically-useful conceptualization of emotion regulation “that was developed to be applicable to a wide variety of psychological difficulties and relevant to clinical applications and treatment development” (in Bjureberg et al., 2016, p. 284).”
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“The 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) [27] is a five-point Likert type self-report scale that assesses emotion dysregulation.”
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“The 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [8], Persian version: [72] assesses emotion regulation difficulties across five subscales.”
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“Difficulties in emotional regulation scale (DERS; Bjureberg et al., 2016)”
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Espírito‐Santo, H., Paraíso, L., de Andrade, D. A. F. S., Daniel, F., Grasina, A., Lemos, L., Simões, L., & Bjureberg, J. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2260329 · Cited by 5
“Our study used the DERS-16, the briefest among short versions, which was developed by selecting items based on item-total correlations and content validity (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationChurch, L. D., Shayani, D. R., Stumps, A., Bounoua, N., Wieand, K., & Spielberg, J. M. (2023) · Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2023.100037 · Cited by 4
“The mean, standard deviation, and range of the DERS scores in the present sample are consistent with those in previous community samples (e.g., [5]).”
Tahoon, R. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231187281 · Cited by 12
“These findings concurred with Fowler et al. (2014) but differed from those of Bjureberg et al. (2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialYu, K. G., Wu, A. M. S., Feng, C., Zhao, W., & Zuo, G. (2023) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2023.2287217 · Cited by 5
“However, difficulties controlling impulses when experiencing negative emotions (i.e., struggling to control behavior when upset; Bjureberg et al., 2016) in particular (rather than the generic and trait impulsivity), have been specifically identified in previous studies as unique predictors of…”
MethodResultMeuleman, E. M., van der Veld, W. M., & van Ee, E. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.116 · Cited by 7
Bekmezci, Z., & Çağatay, S. E. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05968-9 · Cited by 8
Normative reference interval for youths on the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)
Thoustrup, C. L., & Olsen, M. H. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.2478/sjcapp-2024-0014 · Cited by 5
Predictors of functionality appreciation: Prospective findings.
Liu, C., Jarman, H. K., Messer, M., & Linardon, J. (2025) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101881 · Cited by 7
Norman‐Nott, N., Wilks, C. R., Hesam‐Shariati, N., Schroeder, J., Suh, J., Czerwinski, M. P., & Gustin, S. M. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041745 · Cited by 5
Miller, M. B., Metrik, J., McGeary, J. E., Borsari, B. E., McCrae, C. S., Maddoux, J. A., Arnedt, J. T., Merrill, J. E., & Carey, K. B. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045667 · Cited by 5
Hughes, A. J., Botanov, Y., & Beier, M. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103481 · Cited by 5
Endometriosis diagnosis buffers reciprocal effects of emotional distress on pain experience
Gevaudan, L., Broc, G., Chauchard, É., Porro, B., & Borgne, M. L. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2022-0021 · Cited by 6
“The French validation of this scale [33], like other validations of this scale before it [34 – 36], revealedthatthe “ awareness ” dimensionshouldbeexcludedfromthe model and the calculation of the total score of the DERS-SF.”
Emotion Regulation, Coercive Parenting, and Child Adjustment: A Serial Mediation Clinical Trial
Metcalfe, R. E., Osa, M. L., Jones, J. A., & DeGarmo, D. S. (2022) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000451 · Cited by 5
Bambrah, V., Wyman, A., & Eastwood, J. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1050073 · Cited by 5
Emotion Dysregulation and Alexithymia within Marital Burnout through an Emotion-Focused Therapy Lens
Zamani, S., Hasani, J., Hatami, M., & Tadros, E. (2023) · Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/15332691.2023.2165206 · Cited by 5
Norman‐Nott, N., Hesam‐Shariati, N., Wilks, C. R., Schroeder, J., Suh, J., Briggs, N., McAuley, J. H., Quidé, Y., & Gustin, S. M. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/41890 · Cited by 5
Kang, Y., Ahn, J., Cosme, D., Mwilambwe-Tshilobo, L., McGowan, A. L., Zhou, D., Boyd, Z. M., Jovanova, M., Stanoi, O. A., Mucha, P. J., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46040-z · Cited by 7
Lotfi, M., Shiasy, Y., Amini, M., Mansori, K., Hamzezade, S., Salehi, A., & Mafakheri, M. (2020) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 5
Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., Stokes, M. A., Evans, S., OLIVE, L. S., & Westrupp, E. M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/v5gpm · Cited by 5
O’Bryan, E. M., Davis, E., Beadel, J. R., & Tolin, D. F. (2023) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2022.2117305 · Cited by 5
“Note: *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001; FFMQ-Describe = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-15- Describing Subscale (Gu et al., 2016); FFMQ-Aware = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-15- Acting with Awareness Subscale (Gu et al., 2016); FFMQNonjudg = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-15- Nonjudgment Subscale (Gu…”
BackgroundBhat, N. A., Roopesh, B. N., Bhaskarapillai, B., Chokkanathan, S., & Benegal, V. (2024) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176241232936 · Cited by 8
Spohrs, J., Michélsen, A., Abler, B., Chioccheti, A. G., Priemer, U. W. E., Fegert, J. M., Höper, S., In‐Albon, T., Kaess, M., Koelch, M., et al. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00820-1 · Cited by 4
Claréus, B., Wångby‐Lundh, M., Lundh, L., Rådman, G., Bjärehed, J., & Daukantaité, D. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02785-8 · Cited by 4
“Emotion dysregulation was measured using the 16-item Brief Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [ 19].”
Self-citationMesser, M., Liu, C., Moffitt, R. L., Lee, S., & Linardon, J. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101994 · Cited by 4
Todd, J., Pickup, B., Ji, J. L., Norton, A. R., Holmes, E. A., & Sharpe, L. (2026) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003902 · Cited by 4
“Emotion regulation difficulties were assessed with the 16-item version of the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale , 6,19 which had good reliability in this study (Cronbach alpha 5 0.950).”
InfluentialResilience as a dynamic process among military recruits exposed to basic combat training stressors
McDonald, M. A., Marquardt, C. A., Noorbaloochi, S., Campbell, E. H., Masten, A. S., & Polusny, M. A. (2026) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579426101199 · Cited by 6
“The 16-item version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016) was used at T0 to assess difficulties with awareness and understanding of emotions, acceptance of emotions, behavior in accordance with goals despite negative emotions, and using effective emotion…”
Emotional Dysregulation, Shame and Guilt Predict Severity of Gambling Among a Population of Gamblers
Tessier, S., Romo, L., & Zerhouni, O. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10248-5 · Cited by 5
“We used the short version in 16 item of the DERS that has been developed by Bjureberg et al., (2016).”
Lu, S. Y., McVeigh, J. A., Becerra, R., Bucks, R. S., Hunter, M. L., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100748 · Cited by 5
Norberg, M. M., Matheson, A. C., Visvalingam, S., King, R. D., Olivier, J., David, J., & McLellan, L. F. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06746-3 · Cited by 4
Gudarzi, T., & Cervin, M. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100847 · Cited by 7
Alboukrek, D., Staples, C., & Rancourt, D. (2024) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2024.2427058 · Cited by 4
The impact of emotional dysregulation on food addiction: Examining the intervention role of gender
Li, J., Wang, L., Xia, F., Pan, L., & Liu, J. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104784 · Cited by 4
Shang, B., & He, Z. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105472 · Cited by 4
Goldner, L., Shelef, L., Goldstein, B. A., & Scharf, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23237 · Cited by 4
Psychometric Properties of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) on Young Nigerian People
Akinnawo, E. O., Akpunne, B. C., Akpunne, S. I., Bello, I. B., Onisile, D. F., & Akpunne, E. N. (2022) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2022.133023 · Cited by 5
“To date, the original validation document has been cited approximately 3000 times, translated into various languages, and inspired the creation of several short forms (DERS-16; DERS-SF; DERS-18) (Bjureberg et al., 2016; Kaufman et al., 2016; Victor & Klonsky, 2016).”
BackgroundXu, H., Zeng, J., Cao, Z., & Hao, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148330 · Cited by 4
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale compiled by Bjureberg [44] is a 16-item self-report measure of difficulties regulating negative emotions across five domains: nonacceptance of negative emotions, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior when distressed, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors wh…”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bjureberg, Johan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2015-09-14
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 284-296
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- PMC
- PMC4882111
- OpenAlex
- W2172838886
- Cited by
- 1,081
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 217 · 2025: 186 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD062226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, scale shortening, psychometric validation, self-report measures, psychopathology, convergent and discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency
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