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Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16
Open accessAbstract
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a widely-used, theoretically-driven, and psychometrically-sound self-report measure of emotion regulation difficulties. However, at 36-items, the DERS may be challenging to administer in some situations or settings (e.g., in the course of patient care or large-scale epidemiological studies). Consequently, there is a need a briefer version of the DERS. The goal of the present studies was to develop and evaluate a 16-item version of the DERS - the DERS-16. The reliability and validity of the DERS-16 were examined in a clinical sample (N = 96) and two large community samples (Ns = 102 and 482). The validity of the DERS-16 was evaluated comparing the relative strength of the association of the two versions of the DERS with measures of emotion regulation and related constructs, psychopathology, and clinically-relevant behaviors theorized to stem from emotion regulation deficits. Results demonstrate that the DERS-16 has retained excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Further, the DERS-16 showed minimal differences in its convergent and discriminant validity with relevant measures when compared to the original DERS. In conclusion, the DERS-16 offers a valid and brief method for the assessment of overall emotion regulation difficulties.
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“A total score was calculated using the remaining five subscales (30 items total), consistent with a recently developed short-form measure (DERS-SF-5; Bjureberg et al., 2016). The α for the included scales ranged from .82 to .90.”
From Facets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Emotion Regulation in University Students (2024) · cites this paper as Bjureberg et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The DERS-16 has good psychometric properties in adolescents [159]”
From Efficacy of a transdiagnostic Internet prevention approach in adolescents (EMPATIA study): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [159]
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“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [137]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“DERS-16 reported good test–retest reliability [46] and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas between 0.87 and 0.96) [47].”
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“Correlating with anxiety, depression, stress, borderline traits, and more, the DERS-16 has good construct validity [29,47,50].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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Hallion, L. S., Steinman, S. A., Tolin, D. F., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539 · Cited by 464
“Finally, we briefly examined the psychometric properties of three recently published short forms of the DERS (e.g., DERS-16, Bjureberg et al., 2016; DERS-SF, Kaufman et al., 2016; and DERS18, Victor and Klonsky, 2016) to evaluate the extent to which these measures performed comparably to the…”
BackgroundInfluentialProblematic video game use as an emotional coping strategy: Evidence from a sample of MMORPG gamers
Blasi, M. D., Giardina, A., Giordano, C., Coco, G. L., Tosto, C., Billieux, J., & Schimmenti, A. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.02 · Cited by 284
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“- The 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; [51]) was used to indicate ease of affect regulation.”
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“Emotion regulation The 16-item version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 [69] assessed difficulties in parent emotion regulation.”
MethodYiğit, İ., & Guzey, M. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9712-7 · Cited by 219
“Consistent with the findings of the original study (Bjureberg et al. 2016) and those of another (Miguel et al.”
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Self-citationRichardson, M., & McEwan, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01500 · Cited by 122
“Pearson correlations were conducted between the measures of nature connectedness (INS), emotional regulation (DERS), EWNB and happiness (single-item) administered in the supplementary study and are shown in Table 7.”
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Garofalo, C., Neumann, C. S., & Velotti, P. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519900946 · Cited by 129
“In Sample 2, only the 16 items included in the shortform version developed by Bjureberg et al. (2016) were used in their validated Dutch translation (A. Neumann et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodWilks, C. R., Lungu, A., Ang, S. Y., Matsumiya, B., Yin, Q., & Linehan, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.053 · Cited by 114
Veličković, K., Hallberg, I. R., Axelsson, U., Borrebaeck, C. A. K., Rydén, L., Johnsson, P., & Månsson, J. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01383-3 · Cited by 106
“Further, discriminant validity of CD-RISC was investigated by exploring its relationship with DERS-16.”
MethodInfluentialAdult Attachment Style, Emotion Regulation, and Social Networking Sites Addiction
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Adams, G. R., Gandhi, W., Harrison, R. N., van Reekum, C. M., Wood-Anderson, D., Gilron, I., & Salomons, T. V. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002830 · Cited by 102
“…Sensory Profile (AASP) [15], the Sensory Responsiveness Questionnaire (SRQ) [10], the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) [13], the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [24], the Pain Anxiety Sensitivity Scale (PASS) [75], the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)…”
MethodMcAtamney, K., Mantzios, M., Egan, H. H., & Wallis, D. J. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105120 · Cited by 106
Bjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Jokinen, J., Hellner, C., & Ljótsson, B. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1885-6 · Cited by 96
Lindqvist, K., Mechler, J., Carlbring, P., Lilliengren, P., Falkenström, F., Andersson, G., Johansson, R., Edbrooke-Childs, J. H., Dahl, H. J., Bergsten, K. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18047 · Cited by 106
“06 (7.31)25.91 (5.68)IPDT 27.08 (7.69)26.87 (5.65)Control aMADRS-S: Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale–self-rated. bIPDT: internet-based psychodynamic therapy, n=34. cNot applicable. dControl, n=38. eGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale. fDERS: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. gSCS-SF: Self…”
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A Brazilian Investigation of the 36- and 16-Item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales
Miguel, F. K., Giromini, L., Colombarolli, M. S., Zuanazzi, A. C., & Zennaro, A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22404 · Cited by 84
“Bjureberg et al. (2015) recently introduced a briefer version of the DERS. This briefer version includes 16 of the 36 original DERS items, and five of the six original DERS subscales (i.e., it does not include Awareness). In Bjureberg et al.’s (2015) study, the scores from the 16-item DERS demonstrated good psychometr…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hellner, C., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Gratz, K. L., Bjärehed, J., Jokinen, J., Tull, M. T., & Ljótsson, B. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1527-4 · Cited by 84
“A brief, 16-item version of the DERS, the DERS-16 [41], was administered weekly during treatment.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEmotion regulation and psychological and physical health during a nationwide COVID-19 lockdown.
Low, R. S. T., Overall, N. C., Chang, V. T., Henderson, A. M. E., & Sibley, C. G. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001046 · Cited by 89
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Self-citationEmotion regulation mediates relationships between mindfulness facets and aggression dimensions
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“E) In adults with elevated plasma sVCAM-1 levels at baseline there was a Synbiotic 2000- specific improvement in emotion regulation (DERS-16) total scale (p = 0.011, [−17.0, −2.40]).”
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“Regulation Scale (DERS-16) (Bjureberg et al., 2016) is a self-report measure of an individual’s typical levels of emotion dysregulation across five areas: nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulties engaging in goal directed behaviors when distressed, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when distressed…”
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“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
BackgroundRozakou-Soumalia, N., Dârvariu, Ş., & Sjögren, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11090931 · Cited by 73
“More direct measures of affect regulation, such as the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) may represent changes in ER more accurately [76,77].”
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Standard set of patient-reported outcomes for personality disorder
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“, DSHI, BEST, BDIII), which may have impacted the results (Bjureberg et al. 2016; Kaufman et al. 2016; Victor and Klonsky 2016).”
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“The DERS-16 (Bjureberg et al., 2016) consists of 16 items, and the scale was originally developed to be a brief measure of global difficulties in emotion regulation.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHoarding disorder and difficulties in emotion regulation
Tolin, D. F., Levy, H. C., Wootton, B. M., Hallion, L. S., & Stevens, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.01.006 · Cited by 47
“This is important because HD is associated with high levels of negative emotion, as described above, and because DERS scores correlate strongly with measures of depression and anxiety (Bjureberg et al., 2016; Fowler et al., 2014).”
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“Clinically, ER can be measured through self-assessment questionnaires, including the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) [84] or the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) questionnaire [85].”
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“Emotion regulation The Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale, DERS-16 [51] is a 16-item scale assessing emotion regulation.”
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“The current study evaluated the DERS-16 (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
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“Items in the DERS-16 are completed on a five-point Likert scale (“1” = almost never, “5” = almost always) to assess emotion-regulation difficulties, and the total score is obtained by summing the scores of all items.”
BackgroundInfluentialPenner, F., Steinberg, L., & Sharp, C. (2022) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2022.2133722 · Cited by 48
Dai, Y., Ya, Z., Hu, K., Chen, J., Lu, S., Li, Q., & Xiao, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.065 · Cited by 43
The Multidimensional Emotion Questionnaire (MEQ): Rationale and Initial Psychometric Properties
Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., Hibbert, A. S., & Hajcak, G. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09741-2 · Cited by 51
Brown, R. J., Burton, A. L., & Abbott, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23370 · Cited by 39
“Indeed, the developers of the DERS‐16, an abbreviated version of the DERS (Bjureberg et al., 2016) excluded the Awareness subscale due to the lack of fit, although other investigations have found support for this subscale (Victor & Klonsky, 2016).”
ResultBuffering against Maladaptive Perfectionism in Bipolar Disorder: The Role of Self-Compassion
Fletcher, K., Yang, Y., Johnson, S. L., Berk, M., Perich, T., Cotton, S., Jones, S., Lapsley, S., Michalak, E., & Murray, G. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.003 · Cited by 40
“As shown in Table 3, correlations were all significant (all p's 0.05) in predicted directions for the majority of key variables: (a) maladaptive perfectionism (SAPSD) was strongly but negatively correlated with self-compassion (SCS), (b) SCS was negatively correlated with clinician-rated depression (MADRS), self-repor…”
BackgroundInfluentialRobillard, C. L., Turner, B. J., Ames, M. E., & Craig, S. G. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114152 · Cited by 40
Moore, R., Gillanders, D. T., & Stuart, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11092519 · Cited by 51
Emotion regulation and executive function: Associations with depression and anxiety in autism
Conner, C. M., Elias, R., Smith, I. C., & White, S. W. (2023) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102103 · Cited by 43
Coping Using Sex During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in the United Kingdom
Gillespie, S. M., Jones, A., Uzieblo, K., Garofalo, C., & Robinson, E. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.11.002 · Cited by 45
Renzo, L. D., Gualtieri, P., Zomparelli, S., Santis, G. L. D., Seraceno, S., Zuena, C., Frank, G., Cianci, R., Centofanti, D., & LORENZO, A. D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15163654 · Cited by 39
Nordgren, L., Monell, E., Birgegård, A., Bjureberg, J., & Hesser, H. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09765-8 · Cited by 38
Self-citationValidation of the distress tolerance scale-short form in obsessive compulsive disorder
Garner, L. E., Van Kirk, N., Tifft, E. D., Krompinger, J. W., Mathes, B. M., Fraire, M., Falkenstein, M. J., Brennan, B. P., Crosby, J. M., & Elias, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22554 · Cited by 37
Afshari, B., Omidi, A., & Ahmadvand, A. (2020) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-019-09442-7 · Cited by 38
RetractedWeaving Healthy Families Program: Promoting Resilience While Reducing Violence and Substance Use
McKinley, C. E., & Theall, K. P. (2021) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731521998441 · Cited by 38
Weiss, N. H., Forkus, S. R., Contractor, A. A., & Dixon–Gordon, K. L. (2019) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000503 · Cited by 38
“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – 16 (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWestrupp, E. M., Karantzas, G. C., Macdonald, J. A., OLIVE, L. S., Youssef, G. J., Greenwood, C. J., Sciberras, E., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Evans, S., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.555750 · Cited by 38
“Emotion Regulation (Baseline Survey Only) Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 Item Version (36) (16 items).”
BackgroundInfluentialHaws, J. K., Brockdorf, A. N., Gratz, K. L., Messman, T. L., Tull, M. T., & DiLillo, D. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102536 · Cited by 38
Self-citationIntergenerational impacts of trauma and hardship through parenting
Jensen, S. K. G., Sezibera, V., Murray, S. M., Brennan, R. T., & Betancourt, T. S. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13359 · Cited by 36
Fletcher, K., Foley, F., Thomas, N., Michalak, E. E., Berk, L., Berk, M., Bowe, S. J., Cotton, S., Engel, L., Johnson, S. L., et al. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1805-9 · Cited by 39
Paulus, D. J., Heggeness, L. F., Raines, A. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106781 · Cited by 36
“Additionally, the DERS-16 has demonstrated adequate reliability and validity (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialGouveia, P., Ramos, C., Brito, J., Almeida, T. C., & Cardoso, J. (2022) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-022-00214-2 · Cited by 36
Priego-Ojeda, M., & Rusu, P. P. (2023) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104548 · Cited by 35
Faura‐García, J., Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2023) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2237075 · Cited by 35
“Emotion dysregulation was measured with the 16-item version of the Difficulties Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16, Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
Schramm, E., Elsaesser, M., Jenkner, C., Hautzinger, M., & Herpertz, S. C. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21204 · Cited by 34
“Further secondary outcomes comprised: a) self-rated depressive and anxiety symptoms, as assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) 39 and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) 40 ; b) improvements in the early trauma-related mechanisms of social threat response, hyperarousal, and social processes/empathy, as ass…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDarharaj, M., Hekmati, I., Ayagh, F. M. G., Ahmadi, A., Eskin, M., & Ranjbar, H. A. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01031-z · Cited by 34
Lalouni, M., Fust, J., Bjureberg, J., Kastrati, G., Fondberg, R., Fransson, P., Jayaram‐Lindström, N., Kosek, E., Hellner, C., & Jensen, K. B. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01639-y · Cited by 33
“The Self-Rating Scale (SRS) was used to assess self-criticism [22] Emotion regulation was assessed with the brief 16 item version of the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) [23].”
MethodSelf-citationFabris, M. A., Longobardi, C., Morese, R., & Marengo, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169871 · Cited by 37
Chen, S., Ebrahimi, O. V., & Cheng, C. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/70483 · Cited by 53
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [57] consists of 16 items that assess individuals’ challenges in recognizing and managing their emotional states.”
Difficulties in emotion regulation and quality of life in patients with acne
Cengiz, G. F., & Gürel, G. (2019) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-019-02318-2 · Cited by 33
Mekawi, Y., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Dixon, H. D., Fani, N., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23036 · Cited by 37
Archi, S. E., Brunault, P., Luca, A. D., Cortese, S., Hankard, R., Bourbao-Tournois, C., Ballon, N., Réveillère, C., & Barrault, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745857 · Cited by 33
Comtois, K. A., Mata-Greve, F., Johnson, M., Pullmann, M. D., Mosser, B., & Areán, P. A. (2022) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/41689 · Cited by 29
Veilleux, J. C., Pollert, G. A., Skinner, K. D., Chamberlain, K. D., Baker, D. E., & Hill, M. A. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110541 · Cited by 34
A machine learning approach to modeling PTSD and difficulties in emotion regulation
Christ, N. M., Elhai, J. D., Forbes, C. N., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113712 · Cited by 37
Self-citationYang, L. L., Stiernborg, M., Skott, E., Söderström, Å., Giacobini, M., & Lavebratt, C. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.10.005 · Cited by 29
Emotion regulation difficulties and psychopathology among Pakistani adolescents
Zafar, H., Debowska, A., & Boduszek, D. (2020) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104520969765 · Cited by 42
“Emotion regulation as conceptualized by Gratz and Roemer can be assessed using the six dimensional, 36-item Difficulties in Emotion regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) or its brief, five dimensional, 16-item version – the DERS-16 (Bjureberg et al., 2016; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMcKee, L. G., DiMarzio, K., Parent, J. M., Dale, C. F., Acosta, J., & O’Leary, J. L. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00829-6 · Cited by 36
Metadata
- Authors
- Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bjureberg, Johan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2015-09-14
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 284-296
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- PMC
- PMC4882111
- OpenAlex
- W2172838886
- Cited by
- 1,081
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 217 · 2025: 186 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD062226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, scale shortening, psychometric validation, self-report measures, psychopathology, convergent and discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency
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