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Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16
Open accessAbstract
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a widely-used, theoretically-driven, and psychometrically-sound self-report measure of emotion regulation difficulties. However, at 36-items, the DERS may be challenging to administer in some situations or settings (e.g., in the course of patient care or large-scale epidemiological studies). Consequently, there is a need a briefer version of the DERS. The goal of the present studies was to develop and evaluate a 16-item version of the DERS - the DERS-16. The reliability and validity of the DERS-16 were examined in a clinical sample (N = 96) and two large community samples (Ns = 102 and 482). The validity of the DERS-16 was evaluated comparing the relative strength of the association of the two versions of the DERS with measures of emotion regulation and related constructs, psychopathology, and clinically-relevant behaviors theorized to stem from emotion regulation deficits. Results demonstrate that the DERS-16 has retained excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Further, the DERS-16 showed minimal differences in its convergent and discriminant validity with relevant measures when compared to the original DERS. In conclusion, the DERS-16 offers a valid and brief method for the assessment of overall emotion regulation difficulties.
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“A total score was calculated using the remaining five subscales (30 items total), consistent with a recently developed short-form measure (DERS-SF-5; Bjureberg et al., 2016). The α for the included scales ranged from .82 to .90.”
From Facets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Emotion Regulation in University Students (2024) · cites this paper as Bjureberg et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The DERS-16 has good psychometric properties in adolescents [159]”
From Efficacy of a transdiagnostic Internet prevention approach in adolescents (EMPATIA study): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [159]
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“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [137]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“DERS-16 reported good test–retest reliability [46] and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas between 0.87 and 0.96) [47].”
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“Correlating with anxiety, depression, stress, borderline traits, and more, the DERS-16 has good construct validity [29,47,50].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The DERS-16 has previously demonstrated good reliability and validity [16], and displayed good internal consistency in the current sample (Ω = 0.92).”
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Li, J., Hou, Y., Wang, J., Hu, Z., & Qu, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07490-z
“The Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) developed by Bjureberg et al. [8], features 16 items across five dimensions: lack of emotional clarity, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, limited access to effective emotion…”
Loi, S., Joshee, P., Ottridge, R. S., Woolley, R. L., Gkini, E., Asherson, P. J., Young, A. H., Al‐Janabi, H., Broome, M. R., Roberts, A., et al. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-025-09214-w
Donkin, L., Thakral, P., Hindle, S., & Kercher, A. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02694-0
“The DERS-16 has good internal consistency [21] and correlates strongly to the longer, original DERS-36 scale [22].”
Zhou, S. C., Luo, D., Liu, S., Shi, Y. X., Fu, H. Y., Bai, N., Zhang, P., Yang, L., Xiong, X., Zhang, J., et al. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.87326
Smith, C., Sorsdahl, K. R., Berking, M., & van der Westhuizen, C. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-025-06280-6 · Cited by 2
“Table 2 presents an overview of adolescent participants’ gender, age, baseline depression and anxiety symptom scores [60, 72], ER scores [73] as well level of engagement in the programme.”
Koch, A., Wyssen, A., Haupt, C. A., Hammelbeck, J., van Dorland, H. A., Flueck, C. E., Latzin, P., Saner, C. C. S., Jakob, J., Kaess, M., et al. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-025-09251-5
Blomberg, M., Oberender, L., Koster, E. H. W., & Brockmeyer, T. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/65867
“Difficulties in emotion regulation were assessed using the 16-item version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) [74].”
Bavré, A., & Janssen, E. (2025) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2025.2590029
“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale ( DERS-16 , Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
Bakhtiari, H., Fallahi, N., & Barzegar, M. (2025) · Justice Opportunities and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/2997965x.2025.2595343
“Individuals with emotion dysregulation may face challenges in awareness, comprehension, or modulation of emotions, which can hinder their adaptation to society and legal norms and are associated with a wide range of adverse legal consequences (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
Factors Related to Binge Eating in Korean American Women
Kim, B. R., & Timmerman, G. M. (2025) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459251391989
“59 With general samples in the United States ( N = 102), a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92 has been reported.”
InfluentialSoliman, O. M., Messer, M., Skvarc, D., Moffitt, R. L., & Linardon, J. (2025) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2025.2602455
Zebil, B., & Koçak, A. A. (2025) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1557303 · Cited by 1
Lee, J.-S., Kim, S., Lee, J.-H., Kim, J.-W., Yoo, J. H., Han, D. H., Hwang, H., Choi, C.-H., & Seo, D.-G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27049213
Seong, E., Lee, K. H., Lee, J.-S., Kim, S., Seo, D. G., Yoo, J. H., Han, D. H., Hwang, H., Choi, C.-H., & Kim, J.-W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25248803
Kuehne, C., Phillips, M. D., Moody, S., Bryson, C., Campbell, I. C., Conde, P., Cummins, N., Desrivières, S., Dineley, J., Dobson, R., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25940235
Meyer, J., Zetterqvist, V., Unenge Hallerbäck, M., Ramklint, M., & Isaksson, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26550745
Wen, A., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Gibbons, R. D., & Craske, M. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23908780
Kuehne, C., Phillips, M. D., Moody, S., Bryson, C., Campbell, I. C., Conde, P., Cummins, N., Desrivières, S., Dineley, J., Dobson, R., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25940077
Seong, E., Lee, K. H., Lee, J.-S., Kim, S., Seo, D. G., Yoo, J. H., Han, D. H., Hwang, H., Choi, C.-H., & Kim, J.-W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26682766
Seong, E., Lee, K. H., Lee, J.-S., Kim, S., Seo, D. G., Yoo, J. H., Han, D. H., Hwang, H., Choi, C.-H., & Kim, J.-W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25248944
Additional file 1 of Measurement and stratification of nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescents
Aspeqvist, E., Andersson, H., Korhonen, L., Dahlström, Ö., & Zetterqvist, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25183306
Thomson, M., Cavelti, M., Lerch, S., Koenig, J., Reichl, C., Mürner-Lavanchy, I. M., Wyssen, A., & Kaess, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26703676
Metadata
- Authors
- Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bjureberg, Johan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2015-09-14
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 284-296
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- PMC
- PMC4882111
- OpenAlex
- W2172838886
- Cited by
- 1,081
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 217 · 2025: 186 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD062226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, scale shortening, psychometric validation, self-report measures, psychopathology, convergent and discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency
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