Toll-like Receptors in Defense and Damage of the Central Nervous System

Aravalli, Rajagopal N.; Peterson, Phillip K.; Lokensgard, James R.

doi:10.1007/s11481-007-9071-5

Cited by 173Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsImmune Response and InflammationInflammasome and immune disorders

Toll-like Receptors in Defense and Damage of the Central Nervous System

Aravalli, Rajagopal N., Peterson, Phillip K., Lokensgard, James R.·2007·Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology

DOI 10.1007/s11481-007-9071-5

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Abstract

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family play critical roles as regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs function by recognizing diverse molecular patterns on the surface of invading pathogens. In the brain, microglial cells generate neuroimmune responses through production of proinflammatory mediators. The upregulation of cytokines and chemokines in response to microbial products and other stimuli has both beneficial and deleterious effects. Emerging evidence demonstrates a central role for TLRs expressed on microglia as a pivotal factor in generating these neuroimmune responses. Therefore, understanding the basis of TLR signaling in producing these responses may provide insights into how activated microglia attempt to strike a balance between defense against invading pathogens and inflicting irreparable brain damage. These insights may lead to innovative therapies for CNS infections and neuroinflammatory diseases based on the modulation of microglial cell activation through TLR signaling.

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Microglia express PRRs such as TLRs, including TLR2 and TLR4, and TLR ligation potently activates microglia.
“microglia express PPRs such as TLRs, which include TLR2 and TLR4, and TLR ligation potently activates microglia (Aravalli et al, 2007).”
From Danger Signals and Inflammasomes: Stress-Evoked Sterile Inflammation in Mood Disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Aravalli et al, 2007

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“TLR2 and TLR4 have been the most intensively studied PRRs within the CNS, and are densely expressed on microglial cells (Aravalli et al., 2007).”
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Authors: Aravalli, R. N., Peterson, P. K., & Lokensgard, J. R.
Affiliations: University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author: Lokensgard, James R.
ORCID: Aravalli, Rajagopal N.
Lokensgard, James R.
Venue: Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2007-04-03
Volume: 2
Issue: 4
Pages: 297-312
ISSN: 1557-1890 (ISSN-L)
1557-1904
DOI: 10.1007/s11481-007-9071-5
OpenAlex: W2067505623
Cited by: 173
References: 192
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 1.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-066703, R01MH066703)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Keywords: Toll-like receptors, microglia, neuroimmune response, innate immunity, neuroinflammation, central nervous system infection, Toll-like receptor signaling, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, neuroprotection, neurodegeneration
MeSH terms: Animals, Central Nervous System, Central Nervous System Diseases, Humans, Signal Transduction, Toll-Like Receptors

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Toll-like Receptors in Defense and Damage of the Central Nervous System

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