Relational impairments, sluggish cognitive tempo, and severe inattention are associated with elevated self-rated depressive symptoms in adolescents with ADHD
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This study examines how ADHD-related symptoms and impairments interact to predict depression symptoms in young adolescents with ADHD. A sample of 342 adolescents (71% male, mean age = 13 years old) with DSM-IV-TR diagnosed ADHD completed baseline clinical assessments upon entry to a psychosocial treatment study for ADHD. Ratings of ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms, and social and academic impairment were obtained from parents, while ratings of depressive symptoms and conflict with parents were obtained from youth. Among adolescents with ADHD, elevated depressive symptoms were associated with higher SCT symptom severity, lower hyperactive/impulsive (HI) symptom severity, higher social impairments, higher conflict with parents, and lower academic problems. Interaction effects indicated that clinically significant depressive symptoms were most likely to occur when high levels of parent-youth conflict were present along with high inattentive (IN) symptoms, high SCT, and/or low HI. Among children and adolescents with ADHD, depression prevention efforts might target IN/SCT symptom management, as well as improving interpersonal relationships with parents and peers. Future work is needed to verify these findings longitudinally.
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Adverse childhood or early life experiences, such as conflict with parents, early exposure to traumatic life events, bullying, and childhood trauma, were found to increase the risk of depression.
“A group of determinants touched upon by several studies included adverse childhood or early life experiences: ex. conflict with parents, early exposure to traumatic life events, bullying and childhood trauma were found to increase the risk of depression (ex. through pathways, such as inflammation, interaction effects, or cognitive biases) [161,182,258,358,362,380].”
From Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [258]
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Cengiz, Ş., Temeltürk, R., Namıduru, D., & Çiftçi, E. (2026) · Psychiatric quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-026-10265-8
- Authors
- Ward, A. R., Sibley, M. H., Musser, E. D., Campez, M., Bubnik-Harrison, M. G., Meinzer, M. C., & Yeguez, C. E.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ward, Anthony R.
- Venue
- ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
- Published
- 2019-03-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 289-298
- ISSN
- 1866-6116 (ISSN-L)
- 1866-6647
- PMC
- PMC6913183
- OpenAlex
- W2921291125
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH092466)
- Institute of Education Sciences (R324A120169)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, adolescent depression, depressive symptoms, sluggish cognitive tempo, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, social dysfunction, academic impairment, parent-youth relationships, interaction effects, depression prevention
- MeSH terms
- Academic Success, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cognition, Depression, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Family Conflict, Self Report
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