Social brain development and the affective consequences of ostracism in adolescence
Abstract
Recent structural and functional imaging studies have provided evidence for continued development of brain regions involved in social cognition during adolescence. In this paper, we review this rapidly expanding area of neuroscience and describe models of neurocognitive development that have emerged recently. One implication of these models is that neural development underlies commonly observed adolescent phenomena such as susceptibility to peer influence and sensitivity to peer rejection. Experimental behavioural evidence of rejection sensitivity in adolescence is currently sparse. Here, we describe a study that directly compared the affective consequences of an experimental ostracism manipulation (Cyberball) in female adolescents and adults. The ostracism condition led to significantly greater affective consequences in the adolescents compared with adults. This suggests that the ability to regulate distress resulting from ostracism continues to develop between adolescence and adulthood. The results are discussed in the context of models of neurocognitive development.
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A brief episode of social exclusion is distressing for adolescents.
“We first replicated previous findings, showing that a brief episode of social exclusion is distressing for adolescents (Gunther Moor et al. 2012; Sebastian et al. 2010)”
From Chronic Childhood Peer Rejection is Associated with Heightened Neural Responses to Social Exclusion During Adolescence (2016) · cites this paper as Sebastian et al. 2010
Adolescents are hypersensitive to the negative consequences of social exclusion.
“Adolescents are hypersensitive to the negative consequences of social exclusion.”
From Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? (2014) · cites this paper as Sebastian et al. (2010)
Young and mid-adolescents (11-16 years) reported lowered overall mood after being excluded by other players in Cyberball, compared with adults.
“young and mid-adolescents (11-16 years) reported lowered overall mood”
From Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? (2014) · cites this paper as Sebastian et al. 2010
Young adolescents (11-14 years) reported higher state anxiety after exclusion, compared with adults.
“young adolescents (11-14 years) reported higher state anxiety, compared with adults (Sebastian et al. 2010).”
From Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? (2014) · cites this paper as Sebastian et al. 2010
Mood was lowered by the social exclusion condition, compared with baseline and inclusion, particularly strongly in the two adolescent groups.
“Mood was lowered by the social exclusion condition, compared with baseline and inclusion, particularly strongly in the two adolescent groups.”
From Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? (2014) · cites this paper as Sebastian et al. (2010)
Adolescents experience stronger affective responses to negative social feedback than adults.
“adolescents experience stronger affective responses to negative social feedback than adults (Sebastian, Viding, Williams, & Blakemore, 2010).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Sebastian, Viding, Williams, & Blakemore, 2010
Adolescents are prone to intensified emotional and stress responses to peer evaluation.
“and are prone to intensified emotional and stress responses to peer evaluation (15–18).”
From Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
Research on the need-threat model has shown that ostracism can elicit negative affect and reduce self-esteem even in the absence of active, targeted negative feedback such as bullying, harassment, or aggression.
“Research on the need-threat model has shown that ostracism can elicit negative affect (Sebastian et al., 2010), and reduce self-esteem (Jamieson, Harkins, & Williams, 2010; Leary, Terdal, Tambor, & Downs, 1995) even in the absence of active, targeted negative feedback such as bullying, harassment, or aggression.”
From Getting Fewer “Likes” Than Others on Social Media Elicits Emotional Distress Among Victimized Adolescents (2020) · cites this paper as Sebastian et al., 2010
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Zhang, W., Duan, R., Li, H., Fang, Y., Zhao, W., Wan, F., & Fan, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1805798
- Authors
- Sebastian, C., Viding, E., Williams, K. D., & Blakemore, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sebastian, Catherine
- Venue
- Brain and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 134-145
- ISSN
- 0278-2626 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2062913115
- Cited by
- 497
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2013-10-01)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- social brain development, ostracism, peer rejection, rejection sensitivity, adolescence, Cyberball, affective consequences, emotion regulation, neurocognitive development, social cognition, peer influence, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Anxiety, Brain, Child, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Models, Neurological, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Behavior, Social Isolation, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult
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