Effects of mindfulness meditation on self-transcendent states: Perceived body boundaries and spatial frames of reference
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Objectives Mindfulness training is believed to encourage self-transcendent states, but little research has examined this hypothesis. This study examined the effects of mindfulness training on two phenomenological features of self-transcendence: 1) perceived body boundary dissolution, and 2) more allocentric spatial frames of reference. Methods A sample of healthy, young adults (n=45) were randomized to five sessions of mindfulness training or an active listening control condition. Results Results indicated mindfulness training decreased perceived body boundaries (F 4,172=6.010, p<.001, η 2=.12) and encouraged more allocentric frames of reference (F 4,168=2.586, p=.039, η 2=.06). The expected inverse relationship was observed between perceived body boundaries and allocentric frames of reference ((β=-.58, p=.001)), and path analysis revealed the effect of mindfulness training on allocentric frames of reference was mediated by decreased perceived body boundaries (β=.24, se=.17, CI: 0.11 to 0.78). Conclusions Taken together, study results suggest that mindfulness training alters practitioners' experience of self, relaxing the boundaries of the self and extending the spatial frame of reference further beyond the physical body. Future studies are needed to explore the psychophysiological changes that co-occur with phenomenological reports of self-transcendence and the behavioral consequences following self-transcendent experiences.
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ST-related processes are associated with greater psychological flexibility, enhanced emotion regulation, increased connectedness, and more adaptive integration of challenging experiences.
“Emerging empirical and theoretical work on mindfulness, meaning-making, and self-transcendent experience suggests that ST-related processes are associated with greater psychological flexibility, enhanced emotion regulation, increased connectedness, and more adaptive integration of challenging experiences (34–39).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The paper describes connection to other people and the environment as a component of self-transcendence (introductory discussion; page not available), and its Discussion links self-transcendent experiences with positive emotionality. It discusses emotion regulation as a benefit of mindfulness training, not specifically of self-transcendent processes. The cited passages do not establish greater psychological flexibility or more adaptive integration of challenging experiences. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSelf-transcendence may represent a promising therapeutic pathway for moral injury recovery.
“Building on this evolving clinical and theoretical landscape, this paper proposes that self-transcendence (ST)—conceived as a cultivable experiential state marked by reduced self-referential processing, broadened metacognitive awareness, self-transcendent affect, and prosocial meaning-making— may represent a promising therapeutic pathway for moral injury (MI) recovery (33–35).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The Discussion’s Limitations and Future Research Directions section reports preliminary evidence that mindfulness can induce self-transcendent states, supporting the premise that such states are cultivable. The paper does not address moral injury or evaluate self-transcendence as a pathway for its recovery; that therapeutic application is the citing authors’ proposal, not a finding of this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredContemporary psychological models conceptualize self-transcendence as a cultivable mode of consciousness characterized by reduced self-salience, attenuation of rigid self-world boundaries, enhanced perceived connectedness, and emergence of self-transcendent emotions such as compassion and moral elevation.
“Contemporary psychological models increasingly conceptualize ST as a cultivable mode of consciousness characterized by reduced self-salience, attenuation of rigid self–world boundaries, enhanced perceived connectedness, and the emergence of self-transcendent emotions such as compassion and moral elevation (34, 35, 39, 56, 57).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The paper defines self-transcendence as a transient state involving self-loss and connection beyond the self (opening section; page unavailable). Its Discussion reports preliminary evidence that mindfulness can cultivate such states through dissolution of perceived self-boundaries. But it treats compassion as a possible consequence for future study and does not establish moral elevation as a feature of the state. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreases in decentering prospectively predict greater self-transcendent experiences, and decentering mediates the effect of mindfulness training on self-transcendent states.
“Empirical evidence further indicates that increases in decentering prospectively predict greater self-transcendent experiences, with decentering mediating the effect of mindfulness training on self-transcendent states (34, 39).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that mindfulness training changed two features of self-transcendence and that perceived body-boundary dissolution mediated its effect on spatial frames of reference. It does not report that increases in decentering prospectively predicted self-transcendent experiences or that decentering was the mediator. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfulness-based decentering has been linked to greater acceptance, reduced avoidance-oriented responding, and less rigid self-focused appraisal.
“Mindfulness-based decentering has been linked to greater acceptance, reduced avoidance-oriented responding, and less rigid self-focused appraisal (34, 36, 63).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The paper’s Conclusions (page unavailable) say mindfulness can decrease self-referential thoughts, and its Results report a shift toward more allocentric frames of reference. These support the less self-focused part of the claim, but the paper does not report that decentering increased acceptance or reduced avoidance-oriented responding; it did not measure those outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Awe- and compassion-inducing experiences are related to diminished self-salience and social isolation.
“Awe- and compassion-inducing experiences are related to diminished self-salience and social isolation (34, 68, 69), whereas values- and meaning-oriented interventions support existential reorientation and purpose reconstruction (36, 65, 71).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that mindfulness training relaxed perceived self-boundaries and extended participants’ spatial frame of reference beyond the body. It also proposes that a shift from “me” to “we” could evoke compassion. The paper does not show that awe- or compassion-inducing experiences diminish self-salience or social isolation; it treats compassion as a possible consequence and does not report an isolation outcome. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCore mindfulness practices such as body scans and mindful breathing have been associated with reductions in self-referential processing and, in some individuals, with diminished perceived body boundaries and shifts toward more allocentric or world-centered framing.
“Core practices such as body scans and mindful breathing have been associated with reductions in self-referential processing and, in some individuals, with diminished perceived body boundaries and shifts toward more allocentric or world-centered framing—features characteristic of ST (34, 35).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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Sandilands, O., & Ingram, D. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1340335 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Maoz, L. B., Lavy, S., & Berkovich‐Ohana, A. (2023) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mindfulness and consumer behavior: a bibliometric analysis of themes and trends over 20 years
Bonillo, M. Á. I., de Queiros, A. P. C., Capobianco-Uriarte, M. D. L. M., & Alves, H. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04367-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Meditation in the third-person perspective modulates minimal self and heartbeat-evoked potentials
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The Mindful Warm-Up: Proof of Concept for a Brief Embedded Intervention
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Self-citationMoving Forward by Looking Back
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Theoretical Framework of the Need Knowledge-Driven Organization
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Development of the selflessness/self-centeredness Inventory – trait (SSI-T)
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Suspending the embodied self in meditation attenuates beta oscillations in posterior medial cortexPreprint
Trautwein, F., Schweitzer, Y., Dor‐Ziderman, Y., Nave, O., Ataria, Y., Fulder, S. J., & Berkovich‐Ohana, A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8k76z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Desdentado, L., Miragall, M., Cebolla, A., Lloréns, R., Andreu, C. I., Burychka, D., Slavkova, R., & Baños, R. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02631-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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The relationship between self-transcendence, cognitive flexibility and depression symptoms in nurses
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Natural awe but not other types promotes altruistic behavior by increasing sense of the small self
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Fleming, W. H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1701564
“Altered default mode network activity and reduced evaluative self-focus during ST-related states (34, 34, 36).”
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Further Extensions and Innovations
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Learning to Attenuate Myself: A Predictive Processing Account of the Body-Scan MeditationPreprint
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An Underview Effect? Psycho-Social Impacts of Saturation Diving Among Aquanauts
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A network for self-transcendence derived from patients with brain lesionsPreprint
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Virtual Mindfulness Fosters Interethnic Dating: The Mediating Role of Connectedness
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Promoting Nature Connectedness: Insights into the Roles of Mindfulness and Nonattachment
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Self-citationFrom Buddhist meditation to psychological well-being: an ethical-cultural training ecology model
Yukun, M. E. I., Li, J., & Phuchomsri, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1938434
- Authors
- Hanley, A. W., Dambrun, M., & Garland, E. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garland, Eric L.
- Venue
- Mindfulness
- Published
- 2020-02-14
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1194-1203
- ISSN
- 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
- 1868-8535
- PMC
- PMC7968136
- OpenAlex
- W3006063885
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA042033)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R61AT009296)
- Mind and Life Institute (2015-Varela-Hanley,Adam)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, self-transcendence, body awareness, mediation
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