Measuring the Immeasurables: Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) Scale Based on Buddhist Teachings on Loving Kindness, Compassion, Joy, and Equanimity

Kraus, Sue; Sears, Sharon

doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9300-1

Cited by 185Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Measuring the Immeasurables: Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) Scale Based on Buddhist Teachings on Loving Kindness, Compassion, Joy, and Equanimity

Kraus, Sue, Sears, Sharon·2009·Social Indicators Research

DOI 10.1007/s11205-008-9300-1

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11205-008-9300-1

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Kraus and Sears' scale measured equanimity with only one variable and did not emphasize non-reactivity.
“However, equanimity was only measured with one variable (acceptance towards self and others), which, as previously mentioned, captures only part of the construct of equanimity. More specifically, respondents are asked to rate items on a Likert scale according to the extent that they have thought, felt or acted in a way that is ' friendly ' , ' hateful ' , ' angry ' , ' joyful ' , ' accepting ' , '”
From Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16 (2021) · cites this paper as Kraus and Sears 2009

Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448 · see citing works
A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047358 · Cited by 8,686 · see citing works
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Although many existing measures assess the awareness, nonreactivity, and acceptance components of mindfulness ( Baer et al. 2004, 2006; Brown and Ryan 2003; Chadwick et al. 2005 Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the mindfulness questionnaire, Unpublished manuscript; Fe…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Untitled work
(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477 · see citing works
The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490090305 · Cited by 7,061 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As other researchers have used as criteria (e.g., Tedeschi and Calhoun 1996), these items generally had factor loadings of greater than 0.50 on one of the six factors and not more than 0.40 on any other factor.”
MethodInfluential
The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion
NEFF, K. D. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309027 · Cited by 6,436 · cited 9× · see citing works
“…3.65 (0.75) 0.64 0.52 Negative self 1.25 (0.24) 1.57 (0.62) 3.53 0.001** Negative other 1.31 (0.36) 1.66 (0.77) 2.72 0.01** Note: * p \ 0.05, ** p \ 0.01, *** p \ 0.001 with the Self Compassion Scale (Neff 2003), but adds to this existing measure by including ratings of compassion toward others.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
(2021) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/(issn)1468-2850 · Cited by 3,683 · see citing works
Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.615 · Cited by 3,236 · see citing works
Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation
Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., Urbanowski, F., Harrington, A., Bonus, K., & Sheridan, J. F. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000077505.67574.e3 · Cited by 2,925 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…including pain management, immune function, brain activity in areas associated with positive emotion, decreasing ruminative thoughts, and preventing relapse of depression (e.g., Davidson et al. 2003; Jain et al. 2007; KabatZinn et al. 1985, 2003; Shapiro et al. 2005, 2007; Teasdale et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
Assessment of Mindfulness by Self-Report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191104268029 · Cited by 2,298 · see citing works
The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain
Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L., & Burney, R. (1985) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00845519 · Cited by 1,745 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: The Development and Initial Validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R)
Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2007) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8 · Cited by 1,630 · see citing works
The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20326 · Cited by 1,456 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based stress reduction for health care professionals: results from a randomized trial
Shapiro, S. L., Astin, J. A., Bishop, S. R., & Cordova, M. (2005) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.12.2.164 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: Effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction
Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. E. R. (2007) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3301_2 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Biegel, G. M. (2007) · Training and Education in Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/1931-3918.1.2.105 · Cited by 1,134 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…including pain management, immune function, brain activity in areas associated with positive emotion, decreasing ruminative thoughts, and preventing relapse of depression (e.g., Davidson et al. 2003; Jain et al. 2007; KabatZinn et al. 1985, 2003; Shapiro et al. 2005, 2007; Teasdale et al. 2000).”
Background
Influence of a Mindfulness Meditation-Based Stress Reduction Intervention on Rates of Skin Clearing in Patients With Moderate to Severe Psoriasis Undergoing Photo Therapy (UVB) and Photochemotherapy (PUVA)
Kabat-Zinn, J., Wheeler, E., Light, T., Skillings, A., Scharf, M. J., Cropley, T. G., Hosmer, D., & Bernhard, J. D. (1998) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199809000-00020 · Cited by 826 · see citing works
Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy.
Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph080 · Cited by 759 · cited 3× · see citing works
“... meditation has produced numerous efforts to define and measure what mindfulness is (Baer et al. 2004, 2006; Brown and Ryan 2003; Chadwick et al. 2005 Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the mindfulness questionnaire, Unpublished manuscript; Feldman et al. 2004 Develo…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Social roles, social control, and biases in social-perception processes.
Ross, L. D., Amabile, T. M., & Steinmetz, J. L. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.7.485 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Clarifying the Construct of Mindfulness in the Context of Emotion Regulation and the Process of Change in Therapy
Hayes, A. M. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bph080 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Old Path White Clouds: Walking in the Footsteps of the Buddha
Hanh, T. N. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe - Crowne Social Desirability Scale
Reynolds, W. M. (1982) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198201)38:1

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21923 · Cited by 2,253 · see citing works
Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation: Potential for Psychological Interventions
Hofmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.003 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Exploring self compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1305 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Mindfulness, Big Five personality, and affect: A meta-analysis
Giluk, T. L. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.026 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Self-Compassion: What It Is, What It Does, and How It Relates to Mindfulness
Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015) · Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_10 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Moving beyond mindfulness: defining equanimity as an outcome measure in meditation and contemplative research
Desbordes, G., Gard, T., Hoge, E. A., Hölzel, B. K., Kerr, C., Lazar, S. W., Olendzki, A., & Vago, D. R. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0269-8 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators
Jacobs, T. L., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Wolkowitz, O. M., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Aichele, S. R., Sahdra, B. K., MacLean, K. A., et al. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.010 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
The Development and Validation of the Compassion Scale
Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Tóth-Király, I. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119874108 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Cognitive-Based Compassion Training: A Promising Prevention Strategy for At-Risk Adolescents
Reddy, S. D., Negi, L. T., Dodson‐Lavelle, B., Silva, B. O.-D., Pace, T. W. W., Cole, S. P., Raison, C. L., & Craighead, L. W. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9571-7 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The Process of Science: A Critical Evaluation of more than 15 Years of Research on Self-Compassion with the Self-Compassion Scale
Muris, P., & Otgaar, H. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01363-0 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-Compassion in Recovery Following Potentially Traumatic Stress: Longitudinal Study of At-Risk Youth
Zeller, M., Yuval, K., Nitzan-Assayag, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9937-y · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Does Religion Affect the Materialism of Consumers? An Empirical Investigation of Buddhist Ethics and the Resistance of the Self
Pace, S. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1228-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Acceptance and mindfulness techniques as applied to refugee and ethnic minority populations with PTSD: examples from “culturally adapted CBT”
Hinton, D. E., Pich, V., Hofmann, S. G., & Otto, M. W. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.09.001 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The decoupling model of equanimity: theory, measurement, and test in a mindfulness intervention
Hadash, Y., Segev, N., Tanay, G., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0564-2 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The effectiveness, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for maltreated children and adolescents: an evidence synthesis.
MacDonald, G., Livingstone, N., Hanratty, J., McCartan, C., Cotmore, R., Cary, M., Glaser, D., Byford, S., Welton, N., Bosqui, T. J., et al. (2016) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta20690 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
From Self-Esteem to Selflessness: An Evidence (Gap) Map of Self-Related Processes as Mechanisms of Mindfulness-Based Interventions
Britton, W. B., Desbordes, G., Acabchuk, R. L., Peters, S., Lindahl, J. R., Canby, N. K., Vago, D. R., Dumais, T., Lipsky, J., Kimmel, H. J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730972 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Mindfulness‐Based Awareness and Compassion: Predictors of Counselor Empathy and Anxiety
Fulton, C. L., & Cashwell, C. S. (2015) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi:10.1002/ceas.12009 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Psychological Effects of a 1-Month Meditation Retreat on Experienced Meditators: The Role of Non-attachment
Montero‐Marín, J., Puebla‐Guedea, M., Herrera‐Mercadal, P., Cebolla, A., Soler, J., Demarzo, M., Vázquez, C., Rodríguez-Bornaetxea, F., & García‐Campayo, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01935 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Putting Oneself in the Body of Others: A Pilot Study on the Efficacy of an Embodied Virtual Reality System to Generate Self-Compassion
Cebolla, A., Herrero, R., Ventura, S., Miragall, M., Bellosta‐Batalla, M., Lloréns, R., & Baños, R. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01521 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Compassion and Loving-Kindness Meditation: An Overview and Prospects for the Application in Clinical Samples
Graser, J., & Stangier, U. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000192 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Importance of Self-Reflection and Awareness for Human Development in Hard Times
Ardelt, M., & Grunwald, S. (2018) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2018.1489098 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits
Berg, J. M., Lilienfeld, S. O., Reddy, S. D., Latzman, R. D., Roose, A., Craighead, L. W., Pace, T. W. W., & Raison, C. L. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112474338 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Rethinking Well-Being in Terms of Affliction and Equanimity: Development of a Holistic Well-Being Scale
Chan, C., Chan, T. H. Y., Leung, P. P. Y., Brenner, M. J., Wong, V. P. Y., Leung, E. K. T., Wang, X., Lee, M. Y., Chan, J. S. M., & Chan, C. L. W. (2014) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1080/15313204.2014.932550 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16
Rogers, H. T., Shires, A. G., & Cayoun, B. A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01503-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of an equanimity questionnaire: the two-factor equanimity scale (EQUA-S)
Juneau, C., Pellerin, N., Trives, E., Ricard, M., Shankland, R., & Dambrun, M. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.9405 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Emotion Regulation and Social Affect and Cognition
Kämpf, M. S., Adam, L., Rohr, M. K., Exner, C., & Wieck, C. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221149953 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Four Immeasurables Meditations: Differential Effects of Appreciative Joy and Compassion Meditations on Emotions
Zeng, X., Chan, V. Y. L., Liu, X., Oei, T. P. S., & Leung, F. Y. K. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0671-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Compassion for self versus other: A critical review of compassion training research
Quaglia, J. T., Soisson, A., & Simmer‐Brown, J. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1805502 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mindfulness is not enough: Why equanimity holds the key to compassion
Weber, J. (2017) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2017.09.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Development of the Appreciative Joy Scale
Zeng, X., Liao, R., Zhang, R., Oei, T. P. S., Yao, Z., Leung, F. Y. K., & Liu, X. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0599-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Advancing the Study of Positive Psychology: The Use of a Multifaceted Structure of Mindfulness for Development
Phan, H. P., Ngu, B. H., Chen, S. C., Wu, L., Shi, S.-Y., Lin, R.-Y., Shih, J.-H., & Wang, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01602 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Perceived Benefits and Doubts of Participants in a Weekly Meditation Study
Sears, S. R., Kraus, S., Carlough, K., & Treat, E. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0055-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation
MEASURING KINDNESS AT SCHOOL: PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF A SCHOOL KINDNESS SCALE FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Binfet, J. T., Gadermann, A., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2015) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21889 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Compassion and self-compassion: Construct and measurement
Elices, M., Carmona, C., Pascual, J. C., Feliu-Soler, A., Martin-Blanco, A., & Soler, J. (2017) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2016.11.003 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Turkish Version of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised
Catak, P. D. (2012) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v8i4.436 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Compassion-focused self-help for psychological distress associated with skin conditions: a randomized feasibility trial
Hudson, M., Thompson, A. R., & Emerson, L. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2019.1707829 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Anger Regulation in Traumatized Cambodian Refugees: The Perspectives of Buddhist Monks
Nickerson, A., & Hinton, D. E. (2011) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-011-9218-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Heart of Joy: a Randomized Controlled Trail Evaluating the Effect of an Appreciative Joy Meditation Training on Subjective Well-Being and Attitudes
Zeng, X., Wang, R., Oei, T. P. S., & Leung, F. Y. K. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0992-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Towards a measure of kindness: An exploration of a neglected interpersonal trait
Canter, D. V., Youngs, D., & Yaneva, M. A. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.019 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A New Second-Generation Mindfulness-Based Intervention Focusing on Well-Being: A Randomized Control Trial of Mindfulness-Based Positive Psychology
Zheng, Y., Zhou, J., Zeng, X., Jiang, M., & Oei, T. P. S. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00525-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Promotion of Well-Being by Raising the Awareness on the Interdependent Nature of All Matters: Development and Validation of the Interconnectedness Scale
Yu, B. C. L., Mak, W. W. S., & Chio, F. H. N. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01334-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based Therapy in Modern Psychology: Convergence and Divergence from Early Buddhist Thought
Murphy, A. (2016) · Contemporary Buddhism · doi:10.1080/14639947.2016.1228324 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Associations between Amount of Meditation Practice and Outcomes in Interventions Using the Four Immeasurables Meditations
Zeng, X., Chio, F. H. N., Oei, T. P. S., Leung, F. Y. K., & Liu, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00141 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Unraveling Heterogeneities in Mindfulness Profiles: a Review and Latent Profile Analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Short-Form (FFMQ-SF) in the Spanish Population
Lecuona, O. Z., García‐Rubio, C., de Rivas, S., Moreno‐Jiménez, J. E., & Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01939-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-Compassion as a Mediator of Mindfulness and Compassion for Others
Fulton, C. L. (2018) · Counseling and Values · doi:10.1002/cvj.12072 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of loving-kindness and compassion meditation on anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zheng, Y., Yan, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Sun, W., Lv, J., Zhou, J., Gu, X., Zhao, X., Luo, W., et al. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02121-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Structure and Development of Dispositional Compassion in Early Adolescence
Bengtsson, H., Söderström, M., & Terjestam, Y. (2015) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431615594461 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Methods of mindfulness: how mindfulness is studied in the workplace
Choi, E., & Leroy, H. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107587793.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self/Other Referential Processing Following Mindfulness and Loving-Kindness Meditation
Logie, K., & Frewen, P. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0317-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Divine States (brahmaviharas) in Managerial Ethical Decision-Making in Organisations in Sri Lanka: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Jayawardena-Willis, T. S., Pio, E., & McGhee, P. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04240-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mindfulness is positively related to socioeconomic job status and income and independently predicts mental distress in a long-term perspective: Danish validation studies of the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire.
Jensen, C. G., Krogh, S. C., Westphael, G., & Hjordt, L. V. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000667 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Development of a measure of kindness
Youngs, D., Yaneva, M. A., & Canter, D. V. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01882-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mindfulness Integrative Model (MIM): Cultivating positive states of mind towards oneself and the others through mindfulness and self-compassion
Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., García-Rubio, C., Paniagua, D., García-Diex, G., & de Rivas, S. (2016) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.32.3.261681 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A Systematic Literature Review of Equanimity in Mindfulness Based Interventions
Weber, J. (2021) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-021-00945-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
‘I had more time to listen to my inner voice’: Zen meditation tourism for Generation Z
Wu, J., Tang, J., & Agyeiwaah, E. (2023) · Tourist Studies · doi:10.1177/14687976231189833 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Equanimity Barriers Scale [EBS]
Weber, J., & Lowe, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9969-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Self-Compassion Scale: Validation and Psychometric Properties within the Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Framework
Rakhimov, A., Realo, A., & Tang, N. K. Y. (2022) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2022.2093731 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Head and the Heart: Effects of Understanding and Experiencing Lovingkindness on Attitudes Toward the Self and Others
Kang, Y., Gray, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0355-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Appreciative Joy in Buddhism and Positive Empathy in Psychology: How Do They Differ?
Zeng, X., Chan, V. Y. L., Oei, T. P. S., Leung, F. Y. K., & Liu, X. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0690-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The cultivation of joy: practices from the Buddhist tradition, positive psychology, and yogic philosophy
Casioppo, D. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1685577 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mindfulness and equanimity moderate approach/avoidance motor responses
Juneau, C., Shankland, R., Knaüper, B., & Dambrun, M. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1927674 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kindness in Australia: an empirical critique of moral decline sociology
Habibis, D., Hookway, N. S., & Vreugdenhil, A. (2016) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12194 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Effects of Virtual Reality on Enhancement of Self-Compassion and Self-Protection, and Reduction of Self-Criticism: A Systematic Review
Žilinský, T., & Halamová, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032592 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Appreciative joy rooted in Chinese culture: Its relationship with strengths in values in action
Zeng, X., Sun, Y., Deng, Y., & Oei, T. P. S. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1651886 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Improving Wellness and Reducing Stress among Incarcerated Men with Mindfulness- Based Stress Reduction Programming
Wolff, N. (2018) · Journal of Yoga and Physiotherapy · doi:10.19080/jyp.2018.05.555665 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Compassion-Based Meditation Quality Practice and Its Impact on the Positive Attitudes Toward Others
Navarrete, J., Campos, D., Diego-Pedro, R., González-Hernández, E., Herrero, R., Baños, R., & Cebolla, A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01652-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Öz-Duyarlık: Psikolojik Belirtiler ile İlişkisi ve Psikoterapide Kullanımı
Korkmaz, B. (2018) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar · doi:10.18863/pgy.336489 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Applying the Buddhist Four Immeasurables to Mental Health Care: A Critical Review
Cheng, F. K., & Tse, S. S.-K. (2015) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2014.921128 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Meditation Depth Questionnaire (MEDEQ) and Meditation Depth Index (MEDI)
Piron, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_41-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cultivating Ideal Mentalities in Second-Generation Mindfulness-Based Interventions: A Feature Bringing Challenges but More Contributions
Zhou, J., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., & Zeng, X. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02297-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Heuristics for Mindfulness in Education and Beyond
Powietrzyńska, M. (2015) · Cultural studies of science education · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4240-6_3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Epidemiology of compassion: A literature review
Addiss, D. G., Richards, A., Adiabu, S., Horwath, E., Leruth, S., Graham, A. L., & Buesseler, H. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992705 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Peace of Mind and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Ariyabuddhiphongs, V., & Pratchawittayagorn, A. (2014) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/15736121-12341284 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Appreciative Joy Meditation Enhances Acceptance of Unfair Offer in Ultimatum Game
Ng, G. T. T., Lai, D. C. K., Zeng, X., & Oei, T. P. S. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01139-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Validation and Confirmation of the Equanimity Scale-16 in India and its Relationship with Well-Being
Verma, S., & Garg, N. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02318-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Communicating with Compassion: The Exploratory Factor Analysis and Primary Validation Process of the Compassionate Communication Scale
Salazar, L. R. (2013) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Depression Prevention by Mutual Empathy Training: Using Virtual Reality as a Tool
Li, Y. J., & Luo, H. (2021) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) · doi:10.1109/vrw52623.2021.00017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Equanimity: The somatization of a moral sentiment from the eighteenth to late twentieth century
McKay, F. (2019) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/jhbs.21990 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Guilt and Shame: Explaining Associations Between Emotion Socialization and Emerging Adult Well‐Being
O’Leary, J. L., McKee, L. G., & Faro, A. L. (2019) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12394 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Predictive Validity and Response Shift in the Equanimity Scale-16
Shires, A., Osborne, S., Cayoun, B. A., Williams, E., & Rogers, K. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02257-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Exploring the Effects of Variety and Amount of Mindfulness Practices on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms: Longitudinal Study on a Mental Health–Focused eHealth System for Patients With Breast or Prostate Cancer
Malandrone, F., Urru, S., Berchialla, P., Rossini, P. G., Oliva, F., Bianchi, S., Ottaviano, M., Gonzalez-Martinez, S., Carli, V., Valenza, G., et al. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/57415 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
何不宽以待己?自悯的作用机制及干预
Guomin, J. I. N., Liu, X., & Li, D. (2020) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2020.00824 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Intercultural mindfulness: artistic meaning-making about students’ intercultural experience at a UK university
Huang, Z. M. (2023) · Language and Intercultural Communication · doi:10.1080/14708477.2022.2162064 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Long-term practice of intuitive inquiry meditation modulates EEG dynamics during self-schema processing
Gao, J., Leung, H. K., Wu, B. W. Y., Jenny, H. U. N. G., Chang, C., & Sik, H. H. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20075 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Use of Chinese Buddhist Theories in Counselling, Psychotherapy, Psychology, and Mental Health Research: An Integrative Review
Cheng, F. K., & Tse, S. S.-K. (2013) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-013-9202-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Appreciative Joy: A Critical Review of Empirical Research
Gu, X., Zeng, X., & Oei, T. P. S. (2023) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-023-00620-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Differences between meditators and non-meditators in mindfulness, its components and related qualities
Somaraju, L. H., Bizo, L. A., Temple, E. C., & Cocks, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01530-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Real-time Sensing and NeuroFeedback for Practicing Meditation Using simultaneous EEG and Eye Tracking
Pandey, P., Gupta, P., Chaudhary, S., Miyapuram, K. P., & Lomas, D. (2022) · IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP) · doi:10.1109/tensymp54529.2022.9864414 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Quality of Life in Cancer Survivors: The Mediating Role of Self-Kindness and Alexithymia
Forti, A. M., Cashwell, C. S., & Henson, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.38.4.05 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The role of relatedness: Applying a developmental-relational view of compassion in adolescence
Colaianne, B. A., Condon, P., Tumminia, M. J., Galla, B. M., & Roeser, R. W. (2023) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101569 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Empathy Games for Depression Using Virtual Reality: A Literature Review and A Study Design
Li, Y., Luo, H., & Zhang, C. (2021) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2021.488 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mindfulness as a Factor in the Relationship between Insecure Attachment Style, Neurotic Personality and Disordered Eating Behavior
Pidgeon, A. M., & Grainger, A. (2013) · Open Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.4236/ojmp.2013.24b005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Contemplative Training and Psychological Stress: an Analysis of First-person Accounts
Gamaiunova, L., Brandt, P.-Y., & Kliegel, M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01661-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chaos to Capability : Educating Professionals for the 21st Century
Hays, J. (2015) · Unitec Research Bank (Unitec Institute of Technology) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Quick Self-Compassion: Italian Validation, Network Analysis, Item Response Theory Analysis, and Correlates of the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form
Fuochi, G., Voci, A., & Moè, A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02516-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Define the concept and review of self-compassion in counseling
이수민, & YANG, N. M. (2016) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.17.5.201610.85 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Confirmation and Validation of a Chinese version of the Equanimity Scale
Xiao, Q., Xu, Y., & Hu, X. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02505-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Overcoming “Sentimental Compassion”: How Buddhists Cope with Compassion Fatigue
Cheng, F. K. (2014) · Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Development and Validation of Ajou Four Immeasurables Scale
Hyeon, P. D., & Gim, W.-S. (2015) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2015.20.4.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
3-Doors Compassion Project: Examining the longitudinal effects of a nine-month Tibetan mind-body meditation program
Gawrysiak, M. J., Pohlig, R. T., Chaoul, A., Vaughn, M. G., Rocco, G., Clark, C., Grassetti, S. N., Petrovitch, D., & Wangyal, T. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02292-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Self-Other Four Immeasurables Scale (SOFI)
Kraus, S., Wrona, M. C., & Tidwell, N. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_43
Self-citation
Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables Scale (SOFI-J)
Sekiya, H., & Arimitsu, K. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology Research · doi:10.11560/jhpr.230922155
Development of the Appreciative Joy Scale
Zeng, X., Liao, R., Zhang, R., Oei, T. P. S., Yao, Z., Leung, F. Y. K., & Liu, X. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0599-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Is mindfulness a noticeable quality? Development and validation of the observed mindfulness measure
Bartlett, L., Martin, A. J., Bruno, R., Kilpatrick, M., Sanderson, K., & Neil, A. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09936-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Assessing Compassion in Korean Population: Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version of Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales
Kim, J., & Seo, J.-W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.744481 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Authors: Kraus, S., & Sears, S.
Affiliations: Fort Lewis College (US)
Corresponding author: Kraus, Sue
Venue: Social Indicators Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-08-27
Volume: 92
Issue: 1
Pages: 169-181
ISSN: 0303-8300 (ISSN-L)
1573-0921
DOI: 10.1007/s11205-008-9300-1
OpenAlex: W2011951305
Cited by: 185
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 3.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Social Indicators Research (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: loving-kindness, compassion, joy, equanimity, scale development, Buddhist doctrine, mindfulness, positive psychology, social psychology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Measuring the Immeasurables: Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) Scale Based on Buddhist Teachings on Loving Kindness, Compassion, Joy, and Equanimity

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks