Cited by 1,783Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychology of Social InfluencePsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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The attribution of attitudes

Jones, Edward E, Harris, Victor A·1967·Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

DOI 10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0

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The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
The psychology of interpersonal relations.
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Self-citation
Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change
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Social perception and phenomenal causality.
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An experimental analysis of self-persuasion
Bem, D. J. (1965) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(65)90026-0 · Cited by 632
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Some Determinants and Consequences of the Perception of Social Causality1
THIBAUT, J. W., & RIECKEN, H. W. (1955) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1955.tb01178.x · Cited by 219
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Role assignment and interpersonal influence.
Steiner, I. D., & Field, W. L. (1960) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040441 · Cited by 23

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“The majority of participants could have identified themselves with the perpetrator, making them prone to attribute the perpetrator’s behaviour to external factors as opposed to internal characteristics (Jones & Harris, 1967; Ross, Amabile, & Steinmetz, 1977).”
Background
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“…characteristics tend to be overstated as explanations for consumer behaviour whilst usage situations tend to be understated (Belk, 1975; Fennell, 1978; Ward & Robertson, 1973); a phenomenon that is known in psychology as ‘the fundamental attribution error’ (Jones & Harris, 1967; Ross, 1977).”
Background
Assessing Managerial Ability: Implications for Corporate Governance ✶ ✶The authors thank Vivian Fang, Dongxu Li, Jongha Lim, Yihui Pan, Miriam Schwartz-Ziv, Berk Sensoy, Léa Stern, Luke Taylor, Ralph Walkling, and Tracy Wang for helpful comments on an earlier draft, and Shan Ge for excellent research assistance. Hermalin gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Thomas & Alison Schneider Distinguished Professorship in Finance and the hospitality of Nuffield College, Oxford, where work on this chapter began.
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“It has also been repeatedly shown that observers tend to underestimate the role of situational factors and to overestimate the role of dispositional factors in identifying the causes of other people's behavior [7, 59, 60, 80].”
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Perceptual and inferential determinants of behavior-correspondent attributions
Yaacov Trope, B., & Cohen, O. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(89)90009-7 · Cited by 14
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Miller, A. G., Mayerson, N. H., Pogue, M., & Whitehouse, D. (1976) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727600300120 · Cited by 14
“, Jones, Worchel, Goethals, fit Grumet, 1971; Miller, 1976), supporting Jones and Harris’ concept of attributional bias--&dquo;the perceiver seems to view his [i.e., the actor’s] performance as more informative than a rational analysis of act and context would suggest&dquo; (1967, p. 23). Reviewers of the attribution…”
Background
Attributions as inferences and explanations: Effects on discounting.
Zuckerman, M., Colwell, E. L., Darche, P. R., Fischer, S. A., Osmun, R. W., Spring, D. D., Winkler, B. A., & Wolfson, L. R. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.5.748 · Cited by 14
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Dick, C., & Uhrich, S. (2016) · European Sport Management Quarterly · doi:10.1080/16184742.2016.1230765 · Cited by 13
“Importantly, several studies show that attributional processes determine people’s cognitive and affective evaluations of the focal behavior and its actor (Ajzen, 1971; Campbell & Kirmani, 2000; Ellen, Mohr, & Webb, 2000; Jones & Harris, 1967).”
Background
Do you hear my accent? How nonnative English speakers experience conflictual conversations in the workplace
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“This could be seen as a form of the fundamental attribution error, whereby people tend to place increased value on internal and personality explanations of observed behaviour in others (Jones and Harris, 1967).”
Background
Stubborn Moralism and Freedom of the Will
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“Because the fundamental attribution error applies to judgments made by observers, rather than judgments about actors themselves (Jones & Harris, 1967; Ross, 1977), we hypothesized that perceived similarity between the participant and a target person would be related to judgmental attitudes as well.”
Background
Getting Emotional About Explanations: Social Explanations and Social Explanatory Styles as Bases of Prosocial Emotions and Intergroup Attitudes
Gill, M. J., & Andreychik, M. R. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00218.x · Cited by 13
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“Research on one such error, the ubiquitous “fundamental attribution error,” suggests that one is more likely to attribute another person’s behavior to his or her own dispositional qualities than to situational factors (Jones & Harris, 1967).”
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“…Schrag, 1999, Charness and Levin, 2005), or a fundamental attributions error that over weights the importance of observed behavior relative to situational causes (Jones and Harris, 1967), or simply an inability to reason through the thought processes of others (Thaler 1988, Eyster and Rabin 2005).”
Background
Do dispositional attributions regarding peer endorsers influence product evaluations?
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Geeraert, N., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Corneille, O., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00097-0 · Cited by 13
“Jones and Harris (1967) were the first to illustrate peopleÕs tendency to explain social behaviors in terms of personality traits even when situational factors provide a more accurate account of the behavior.”
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Cognitive Social Psychology and Attitude Change
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“In line with attribution theory, we pose that narcissistic entrepreneurs might blame failure on others and the environment (Jones & Harris, 1967; Vazire & Funder, 2006).”
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The Stock Market Bubble, Shareholders' Attribution Bias and Excessive Top CEO Pay
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“Jones and Harris [1967] were the first to establish people's tendency to overemphasize agents' intrinsic dispositions and underemphasize the role of situational influences.”
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Carson, D. (2009) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439460902871322 · Cited by 12
“Indeed, the regularity with which we over estimate the significance of personal factors (e.g., motive and disposition), and under estimate controlling situational factors, has been called the fundamental attribution error (Jones and Harris 1967, Kassin 1998).”
Background
When bystanders become bothersome: The negative consequences of bystander conflict and the moderating role of resilience
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“…that individuals tend to overestimate a person’s internal motivation and personal characteristics in explaining this person’s actions, while underestimating the importance of the circumstances that may have led to the person’s behaviour (i.e., Gilbert & Malone, 1995; Jones & Harris, 1967).”
Background
Ethnic Group Differences in Lay Philosophies of Behavior in the United States
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“…to dispositional rather than situational causes, a phenomenon known as lay dispositionism, dispositional bias, correspondence bias, or the fundamental attribution error (e.g., Gilbert & Malone, 1995; Heider, 1958; Jones & Harris, 1967; Ross, Amabile, & Steinmetz, 1977; Ross & Nisbett, 1991).”
Background
Public Understanding of Behavioral Genetics: Integrating Heuristic Thinking, Motivated Reasoning and Planned Social Change Theories for Better Communication Strategies
Morosoli, J. J., Colodro‐Conde, L., Barlow, F. K., & Medland, S. E. (2019) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-019-09964-9 · Cited by 12
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“When confronted with situations that trigger feelings of (un)fairness, customers may try to identify the cause of those feelings (Jones & Harris, 1967).”
Background
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Attribution Errors by People and Intelligent Machines
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“In this work, we take AE to be a false assumption that, in any given set of circumstances, other individuals’ behavior ought to comport with our own expectations (see Jones & Harris, 1967).”
Background
When Will We Meet Again? Regularities of Social Connectivity and Their Reflections in Memory and Decision Making
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Do individuals with autism spectrum disorders infer traits from behavior?
Ramachandran, R., Mitchell, P., & Ropar, D. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02053.x · Cited by 12
Student Evaluations of an Instructor's Racism and Sexism: Truth or Expedience?
Coren, S. (1998) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0803_2 · Cited by 12
The Consideration of Rape: The Effect of Target Information Disparity on Judgments of Guilt1
Rempala, D. M., & Bernieri, F. J. (2005) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02134.x · Cited by 12
“A correspondent inference bias (Gilbert & Malone, 1995; Jones & Harris, 1967) exists generally within Western cultures where social observers have a tendency to attribute internal dispositional causes to a target’s behavior in question.”
Background
The Immoral Assumption Effect
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The place of the normative unconscious in psychoanalytic theory and practice.
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Psychologische Aspekte von Interessenkonflikten
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Stereotypes and Dispositional Judgment
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Perceiving Violence: The Influence of Motivational Status and Environmental Setting
Lawrence, C., & Leather, P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb02081.x · Cited by 11
Selection Incentives and Accountability Traps: A Laboratory ExperimentPreprint
Landa, D. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1640033 · Cited by 12
Attribution in Performance EvaluationPreprint
Durell, A. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.265210 · Cited by 12
The effect of previous actor/observer role experience on attribution of responsibility for failure1
Sherrod, D. R., & Farber, J. (1975) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00704.x · Cited by 12
Lying and the Law
Green, S. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.38 · Cited by 11
Culture, theory-of-mind, and morality: How independent and interdependent minds make moral judgments
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Who attributes what to whom? Moral values and relational context shape causal attribution to the person or the situation
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It's a Just World No Matter Which Way You Look at It
Rice, S. C., & Trafimow, D. (2011) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2011.582524 · Cited by 11
“To understand Trafimow's findings, it is useful to bring to mind the extensive literature on the fundamental attribution error or correspondence bias (Jones & Harris, 1967 ; Jones & McGillis, 1976 ; Ross, 1977 ).”
Background
Humble AI
Knowles, B., D’Cruz, J., Richards, J. T., & Varshney, K. R. (2023) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3587035 · Cited by 11
“13 When the output of one system is used as a feature for another, whatever situational information that may have influenced the first system is at least diluted if not eliminated in the second system.”
BackgroundMethod
Learning about Causes from People and about People as Causes
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Leisure education research and the fundamental attribution error
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“The fundamental attribution error is a well-known cognitive thinking mistake that has been outlined for over 30 years in the area of social psychology (see Jones & Harris, 1967; Ross, 1977), but has been examined only minimally in the area of leisure studies.”
Background
Experimenter bias and other possible biases in psychological research
Innes, J. M., & Fraser, C. (1971) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010302 · Cited by 11
Study Abroad and Second Language Use
Aveni, V. A. P. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511620584 · Cited by 11
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“Following this line, one way to think of MSR’s influence on the self-system is to consider the fundamental attribution error in reference to the self-serving bias.(58,59) This error describes a common psychological process whereby one discounts situational, and elevates dispositional, factors in explaining behavior.”
Background
Pediatric AIDS/HIV Infection
Olson, R. A., Huszti, H. C., Mason, P. J., & Seibert, J. M. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1248-0_24 · Cited by 11
Personal Attitudes, Constraint Magnitude, and Correspondence Bias
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Ferreira, V. S., & Hudson, M. (2011) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690965.2010.537482 · Cited by 11
“A well-known effect in the social psychology literature is the fundamental attribution error (Jones & Harris, 1967 ): People tend to make dispositional attributions to others (“She helped the crying child because she's a nice person”) but situational attributions to oneself (“I helped the crying child because the chil…”
Background
Explaining the Belief in God for Self, In–Group, and Out–Group Targets
Kenworthy, J. B. (2003) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00167 · Cited by 11
The Classroom as a Social Psychology Laboratory
Smith, R. A. (2005) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.24.1.62.59175 · Cited by 11
“Jones and Harris (1967) conducted a classic study on the fundamental attribution error.”
Background
School Ecologies and Attitudes about Exclusionary Behavior Among Adolescents and Young Adults
Thorkildsen, T. A., Reese, D., & Corsino, A. (2002) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2002.0004 · Cited by 11
“By sampling a wide range of exclusionary behavior and asking participants to report on the behavior of their peers, we controlled the fact that people tend to attach more weight to individual characteristics than to situational elements (Jones & Harris, 1967).”
Background
The Mind as an Intuitive Pollster: Frugal Search in Social Spaces
Pachur, T., Hertwig, R., & Rieskamp, J. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388435.003.0009 · Cited by 11
The generality of negative hierarchically restrictive behaviours
Brown, J., Trafimow, D., & Gregory, W. L. (2005) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466604x23455 · Cited by 11
Attributions for Presidential Elections: The Situational Shift Over Time
Burger, J. M., & Pavelich, J. L. (1994) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1503_9 · Cited by 11
Criminal investigation : motivation, emotion and cognition in the processing of evidence
Ask, K. (2006) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 11
Attibution of attitudes to speakers and listeners under assigned-behavior conditions: Does behavior engulf the field?
Yandell, B., & Insko, C. A. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(77)90048-8 · Cited by 11
Reinforcement schedules and attributed freedom.
Davidson, A. R., & Steiner, I. D. (1971) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031465 · Cited by 11
A unified integration model for “prior expectancy and behavioral extremity as determinants of attitude attribution”
Lopes, L. L. (1972) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(72)90033-9 · Cited by 11
The effect of stimulus person valence on divergent self-other attributions for success and failure
Medway, F. J., & Lowe, C. A. (1976) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(76)90017-9 · Cited by 11
Words that Kill: An Economic Perspective on Hate Speech and Hate CrimesPreprint
Dharmapala, D., & McAdams, R. H. (2002) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.300695 · Cited by 11
“Jones & Harris (1967) showed subjects an essay on Cuba that was either pro-Castro or anti-Castro.”
Background
What Makes Them Do It? Individual‐Level Indicators of Extremist Outcomes
Sawyer, J. P., & Hienz, J. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118923986.ch3 · Cited by 11
Overconfidence in human judgement
Pulford, B. D. (1996) · Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) · Cited by 11
Aversive smell associations shape social judgment
Homan, P., Ely, B. A., Yuan, M., Brosch, T., Ng, J., Trope, Y., & Schiller, D. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.07.004 · Cited by 11
“When observing Mike’s apparent rude behavior, for example, we tend to infer that Mike must be a rude person, rather than considering the context, which may offer other explanations (Gilbert & Malone, 1995; Heider, 1958; Jones & Harris, 1967; Ross, 1977).”
Background
VIII—Situational Dependence and Blame’s Arrow
Isserow, J. (2024) · Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Hardback) · doi:10.1093/arisoc/aoae006 · Cited by 10
The double-edged sword of user reviews: how customer feedback can build and break hotel brands
Oshriyeh, O., & Egger, R. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2025.2494567 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, the fundamental attribution error suggests observers underemphasize situational factors when attributing behaviors to internal dispositions (Jones & Harris, 1967).”
Conclusion: stereotypes are selective, variable and contested explanations
McGarty, C., Spears, R., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489877.010 · Cited by 12
Diversity Science: What Is It?
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“Indeed, Choi and Nisbett (1998) replicated a classic study by Jones and Harris (1967) showing that both Koreans and Americans made dispositional attributions about the true attitudes of the author of a pro-capital punishment essay even when they knew that the target had no choice in which side to argue.”
Background
Too young to correct: A developmental test of the three-stage model of social inference.
Hagá, S., Garcia‐Marques, L., & Olson, K. R. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000012 · Cited by 10
Control, awareness, and other things we might learn to live without
Payne, B. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446247631.n2 · Cited by 12
Lying, Implicating, and Presupposing
Meibauer, J. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.14 · Cited by 8
When imitating successful others fails: Accidentally successful exemplars inspire risky decisions and can hamper performance
van Tilburg, W. A. P., & Mahadevan, N. (2019) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021819895705 · Cited by 12
Multilayered Installation Design: A framework for analysis and design of complex social events, illustrated by an analysis of virtual conferencing
Lahlou, S., Heitmayer, M., Pea, R. D., Russell, M. G., Schimmelpfennig, R., Yamin, P., Dawes, A. P., Babcock, B., Kamiya, K., Krejci, K., et al. (2022) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100310 · Cited by 10
“That is not always the case, as is well known from discussions on the connection between emic and etic (Haskell, Headland, Pike, & Harris, 1992; Jones & Harris, 1967; Lahlou, 2011; Pike, 1967; Young, 2005).”
Background
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and Self-Defeating Behavior
Hilton, J. L., Darley, J. M., & Fleming, J. H. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0783-9_3 · Cited by 10
Illusory correlation and stereotype formation: making sense of group differences and cognitive biases
Berndsen, M., Spears, R., van der Pligt, J., & McGarty, C. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489877.006 · Cited by 10
Travail, chômage et stigmatisation
Bourguignon, D., & Herman, G. (2007) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.herma.2007.01.0099 · Cited by 10
How Self-Construal Affects Dispositionalism in Attributions
Kühnen, U., Hannover, B., Pöhlmann, C., & Roeder, U.-R. (2013) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2013.31.2.237 · Cited by 10
The Functional Value of Realistic Attributions
Försterling, F. (1994) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779543000048 · Cited by 10

Authors: Jones, E. E., & Harris, V. A.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
Venue: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1967-01
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-24
ISSN: 0022-1031 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0
OpenAlex: W2103278175
Cited by: 1,783
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 82
FWCI: 20.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: attitude attribution, prior probability, situational constraints, reference groups

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