Administration of Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 improves behavioral, cognitive, and biochemical aberrations caused by chronic restraint stress
Abstract
Increasing numbers of studies have suggested that the gut microbiota is involved in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. Chronic stress can cause behavioral, cognitive, biochemical, and gut microbiota aberrations. Gut bacteria can communicate with the host through the microbiota-gut-brain axis (which mainly includes the immune, neuroendocrine, and neural pathways) to influence brain and behavior. It is hypothesized that administration of probiotics can improve chronic-stress-induced depression. In order to examine this hypothesis, the chronic restraint stress depression model was established in this study. Adult specific pathogen free (SPF) Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 21 days of restraint stress followed by behavioral testing (including the sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated-plus maze test, open-field test (OFT), object recognition test (ORT), and object placement test (OPT)) and biochemical analysis. Supplemental Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 was provided every day during stress until the end of experiment, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram (CIT) served as a positive control. Results showed that L. helveticus NS8 improved chronic restraint stress-induced behavioral (anxiety and depression) and cognitive dysfunction, showing an effect similar to and better than that of CIT. L. helveticus NS8 also resulted in lower plasma corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, higher plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels, restored hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) levels, and more hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression than in chronic stress rats. Taken together, these results indicate an anti-depressant effect of L. helveticus NS8 in rats subjected to chronic restraint stress depression and that this effect could be due to the microbiota-gut-brain axis. They also suggest the therapeutic potential of L. helveticus NS8 in stress-related and possibly other kinds of depression.
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Other brain-related disorders such as multiple sclerosis and stress are also influenced by probiotics.
“It is demonstrated that other brain related disorders such as multiple sclerosis (Kouchaki et al., 2016) and stress are also influenced by probiotics (Liang et al., 2015).”
From Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial (2016) · cites this paper as Liang et al., 2015
Dysfunction of the neuroendocrine system, behavior, and cognition are correlated with gut microbiota dysbiosis.
“Accordingly, it is suggested that dysfunction of the neuroendocrine system, behavior, and cognition are correlated with gut microbiota dysbiosis (Liang et al., 2015).”
From Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial (2016) · cites this paper as Liang et al., 2015
Lactobacillus helveticus reduces plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations in response to stress in rats and can restore hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) and NE levels.
“Lactobacillus helveticus also reduces anxiety [133] and plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations in response to stress in rats and can restore hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) and NE levels [74].”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [168]
Lactobacillus farciminis and Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 have been shown to decrease plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations in response to stress in rats, as well as restore hippocampal serotonin and NE levels and decrease neuroinflammation.
“Lactobacillus farciminis and Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 have been shown to decrease plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations in response to stress in rats [167, 168], as well as restore hippocampal serotonin and NE levels and decrease neuroinflammation [169].”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [168]
Probiotics increase exploratory behavior in rodents under varied conditions, including after dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis.
“Probiotics have also been shown to increase exploratory behavior in rodents under varied conditions [28–30] including probiotic treatment after dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis [31].”
From The Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
Various Lactobacillus strains, or Lactobacillus-containing supplements, have been shown to reduce depressive-like behaviour in rodents and improve measures of depression in humans.
“Various Lactobacillus strains, or Lactobacillus-containing supplements, have been shown to reduce depressive-like behaviour in rodents [1, 13, 23, 44, 45] and improve measures of depression in humans [3, 5, 39, 76].”
From Distinct actions of the fermented beverage kefir on host behaviour, immunity and microbiome gut-brain modules in the mouse (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
Improving gastrointestinal function by probiotics might also improve levodopa absorption and reduce behavioral and cognitive deficits such as anxiety, depression and memory problems, which are common in Parkinson's disease patients.
“Improving GI function by supplementation with probiotics might not solely lead to a better functionality and/or protection of the intestine, but might also improve levodopa absorption and reduce behavioral and cognitive deficits such as anxiety, depression and memory problems (Liang et al., 2015;Maes et al., 2008), which are common in PD patients.”
From The Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson’s Disease: Possibilities for Food-Based Therapies (2017) · cites this paper as Liang et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Liang, S., Wang, T., Hu, X., Luo, J., Li, W., Wu, X., Duan, Y., & Jin, F.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Sichuan Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Jin, F.
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 310
- Pages
- 561-577
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2179857156
- Cited by
- 651
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 43.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- probiotics, chronic restraint stress, depression, anxiety, microbiota-gut-brain axis, gut microbiota, cognitive impairment, corticosterone, IL-10, hippocampal serotonin, norepinephrine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, citalopram, stress-related disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Body Weight, Corticosterone, Depression, Dopamine, Hippocampus, Interferon-gamma, Male, Norepinephrine, Restraint, Physical, Serotonin, Stress, Psychological, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Citalopram, Interleukin-10, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Prefrontal Cortex, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Probiotics, Rats, Lactobacillus helveticus
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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