The Pain Disability Index: psychometric properties

Tait, Raymond C.; Chibnall, John T.; Krause, Steven

doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)90068-o

Cited by 952Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPain Management and Opioid UsePsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The Pain Disability Index: psychometric properties

Tait, Raymond C., Chibnall, John T., Krause, Steven·1990·Pain

DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(90)90068-o

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Abstract

This paper reports two studies of chronic pain patients (n = 444) relevant to the psychometric properties of the Pain Disability Index (PDI), a self-report instrument that has been used to assess the degree to which chronic pain interferes with various daily activities. In the first study, patients with high PDI scores reported more psychological distress (P less than 0.001), more severe pain characteristics (P less than 0.001), and more restriction of activities (P less than 0.001) than patients with low PDI scores, findings supportive of the construct validity of the measure. Further, a multiple regression showed that a linear combination of 9 variables predicted PDI scores (R = 0.74): time spent in bed, psychosomatic symptoms, stopping activities because of pain, work status, pain duration, usual pain intensity, quality of life, pain extent, and education. This study also showed differences for age and gender on disability. The second study involved 46 patients who had undergone inpatient treatment for their pain conditions. The study revealed modest test-retest reliability for the instrument. It also showed the PDI to be associated with the levels of pain behavior exhibited by these patients. The findings of both studies generally support the reliability and validity of the PDI as a brief measure of pain-related disability. Questions regarding its test-retest reliability and lack of association with certain pain behaviors are discussed, as are suggestions for future research.

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The PDI has very good psychometric properties.
“The PDI has very good psychometric properties [24].”
From The Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) - Validation, factor structure and comparison to the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) and other validated measures in German chronic back pain patients (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
Reliability and validity of the PDI are supported by the literature.
“Reliability and validity of the PDI are supported by the literature [24].”
From Staying at work with chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain: a qualitative study of workers' experiences (2011) · cites this paper as [24]
The Pain Disability Index (PDI) has adequate reliability and validity, with a reported Cronbach's alpha of .86.
“The reliability and validity of the questionnaire has been analyzed in previous studies, e.g., by Tait (Tait et al. 1990) reporting a Cronbach’s alpha of .86.”
From Low-grade inflammation may moderate the effect of behavioral treatment for chronic pain in adults (2016) · cites this paper as Tait et al. 1990

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Authors: Tait, R. C., Chibnall, J. T., & Krause, S.
Affiliations: Saint Louis University (US)
Corresponding author: Tait, Raymond C.
ORCID: Tait, Raymond C.
Chibnall, John T.
Venue: Pain
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1990-02
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 171-182
ISSN: 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(90)90068-o
OpenAlex: W2020652540
Cited by: 952
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 4.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Pain Disability Index, chronic pain, pain-related disability, psychometric properties, construct validity, test-retest reliability, psychological distress, activity limitation, pain behavior, quality of life, psychosomatic symptoms
MeSH terms: Adult, Chronic Disease, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Pain Measurement

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The Pain Disability Index: psychometric properties

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