Indirectness and politeness in requests: Same or different?
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“For details of the study see Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984), and Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper (forthcoming).”
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Self-citationContextual effects in understanding indirect requests∗
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MODIFIERS AS INDICATING DEVICES: THE CASE OF REQUESTS
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Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 31 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, in press. The multifunctionality of discourse markers: The case of requests. Theoretical Linguistics. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House and Gabriele Kasper, eds., forthcoming. Cross-cultural pragmatics. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
- Dascal, 1983, Vol. 1
- Katriel Tamar, forthcoming. ‘Dugri’ speech: Talking straight in Israeli ‘Sabra’ culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Song, S. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-52436-2_4 · Cited by 1,457 · see citing works
Politeness Theory and Relational Work
Locher, M. A., & Watts, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
“…(2001) places it on much the same level as other approaches to politeness that have been suggested by researchers in the field, e. g., Blum-Kulka et al. (1985), Blum-Kulka (1987, 1990), Janney and Arndt (1992), Ide (1989), Mao (1994), Gu (1990), Kasper (1990), Robin Lakoff (1973), Fraser (1990).”
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Fraser, B. (1990) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-n · Cited by 1,054 · see citing works
Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence
Culpeper, J. (2011) · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Impoliteness revisited: with special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects
Culpeper, J., Bousfield, D., & Wichmann, A. (2003) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(02)00118-2 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
“Furthermore, Blum-Kulka (1987), for example, reports that conventionally indirect strategies (e.g.”
BackgroundHeritage Languages and Their Speakers
Polinsky, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107252349 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Kasper, G. (1990) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-w · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Contingency and Action: A Comparison of Two Forms of Requesting
Curl, T. S., & Drew, P. (2008) · Research on Language and Social Interaction · doi:10.1080/08351810802028613 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
“…is generally not considered in studies that either use “real” examples of spoken utterances but abstracted from the surrounding talk/interaction (Blum-Kulka, 1987), or they use fabricated examples (e.g., Clark, 1979, Francik & Clark, 1985); Brown and Levinson analyzed both abstracted and…”
MethodBeyond the micro-level in politeness research
Terkourafi, M. (2005) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/jplr.2005.1.2.237 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
“…" and " negative " politeness Ϫ and their shortcomings have been dealt with by proposing additional rules/ maxims/principles (e. g., Ide 1982; Gu 1990; Blum-Kulka 1987), or by redefining their basic terms (e. g., Mao 1994), but hardly ever by moving away from their basic premises altogether 7 .”
BackgroundPoliteness theory and Shakespeare's four major tragedies
Brown, R. W., & Gilman, A. (1989) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404500013464 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Toward a pragmatics of emotive communication
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Ogiermann, E. (2009) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/jplr.2009.011 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
“…conducted in the field of cross-cultural pragmatics illustrates culture-specific preferences in realizing requests (e. g., House and Kasper 1981; Blum-Kulka 1987, 1989; Blum-Kulka and House 1989; House 1989; Sifianou 1992; Fukushima 1996, 2000; Van Mulken 1996; Lubecka 2000; Ma´rquez Reiter…”
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The functions of sarcastic irony in speech
Jorgensen, J. (1996) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(95)00067-4 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
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“…been associated with the most indirect request strategies, hints (as in it’s cold in here, which represent the second most polite form in Brown & Levinson’s (1978, 1987) politeness theory), because "they testify to a lack of [a speaker’s] concern for pragmatic clarity" (Blum-Kulka, 1987, p. 144).”
InfluentialDoes instruction work for learning pragmatics in the EFL context?
Soler, E. A. (2005) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2005.06.005 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Historical Trends in Questioning Presidents, 1953‐2000
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On the universality of face: evidence from chinese compliment response behavior
Yu, M.-C. (2003) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(03)00074-2 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Pragmatic development in the Spanish as a FL classroom: A cross-sectional study of learner requests
Félix‐Brasdefer, J. C. (2007) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/ip.2007.013 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Ephratt, M. (2008) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2008.03.009 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“Blum-Kulka (1987) proposes strategies for making a request sound gentler, more polite and more deserving of respect than the form ‘‘Time?’’.”
BackgroundYou don't touch lettuce with your fingers:
Blum‐Kulka, S. (1990) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(90)90083-p · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationOn Apologising in Negative and Positive Politeness Cultures
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The impact of politeness and relationship on perceived quality of advice about a problem
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Communicative styles in English and German
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A Computational Approach to Politeness with Application to Social FactorsPreprint
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“irect, as they create the sense that the burden of the request is shared between speaker and addressee (We really should ...). Though indirectness is not invariably interpreted as politeness marking (Blum-Kulka, 2003), it is nonetheless a reliable marker of it, as our scores indicate. What’s more, direct variants (imp…”
BackgroundRequesting – from speech act to recruitment
Drew, P., & Couper‐Kuhlen, E. (2014) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.26.01dre · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of the Perceived Importance of Conversational Constraints
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Power, severity, and context in disagreement
Rees‐Miller, J. (2000) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(99)00088-0 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Conventionalization: A new agenda for im/politeness research
Terkourafi, M. (2015) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.004 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Byon, A. S. (2006) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr.2006.013 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“The use of direct strategies, marked by honorific elements for various levels of politeness, has implications for the proposed link between politeness and directness because many cross-linguistic studies (e. g., Searle 1975; Clark and Schunk 1980; Blum-Kulka 1987; Brown and Levinson 1987) assert that linguistic indire…”
BackgroundInfluentialEl grupo nominal como estructura predicativa
Rodríguez Ledesma, M. N. (1997) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Language and Politics: Indirectness in Political Discourse
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The Pragmatics of Making Requests in the L2 Workplace: A Case Study of Language Socialization
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When Does the Watchdog Bark? Conditions of Aggressive Questioning in Presidential News Conferences
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Towards a cognitive approach to politeness
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“If indirect speech acts are not, after all, so “indirect”, indirectness can no longer be the main mechanism of politeness; in other words, the degree of politeness is not necessarily related to the degree of indirectness, i. e., to the inferencial distance (see Blum-Kulka, 1987).”
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Defining politeness: Universality in appropriateness
Meier, A. J. (1995) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/0388-0001(95)00019-4 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
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“These two global concerns also have been labeled as: "Be polite" and "Be clear" (Lakoff, 1977), "Concern with support" and "Concern for clarity" (Greene & Lindsey, 1989), and "Politeness" and "Directness" (Blum-Kulka, 1987). In an analysis of interpersonal influence situations, Dillard (1990) argues that gaining compl…”
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“Cultural belonging has been shown to carry with it intersubjective expectations about appropriate behaviours and their social meanings in different contexts (Goffman, 1955; Blum-Kulka, 1987; Yu, 2003).”
BackgroundPhonetics and politeness: Perceiving Korean honorific and non-honorific speech through phonetic cues
Brown, L., Winter, B., Idemaru, K., et al. (2014) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2014.02.011 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“468 Similarly, conventionalized indirect requests in English (‘‘Can you pass the salt?’’) are normatively perceived as polite 469 (see Blum-Kulka, 1987), at least when uttered in their prototypical contexts.”
BackgroundRequests and status in business correspondence
Bargiela‐Chiappini, F., & Harris, S. J. (1996) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(96)89191-0 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Contrastive discourse analysis and misunderstanding: The case of German and English
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Nineteenth-century English politeness
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“(Aijmer 1996: 128-9, cf. Clark and Clark 1977: 80; Blum-Kulka 1987: 142; Blum-Kulka 1989: 45).”
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“However, researchers of Cross-Cultural Pragmatics, a field largely based on Brown and Levinson’s theory, have challenged this conclusion and have argued that there is no straightforward relationship between directness and face threat or impoliteness (Blum-Kulka, 1987; Ogiermann, 2009).”
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Cross-cultural linguistic realization of politeness: A study of apologies in English and Setswana
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Indirectness and politeness in Turkish–German bilingual and Turkish monolingual requests
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Indirectness and Politeness in Mexican Requests
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Pragmatic Approaches (Im)politeness
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“Similarly, politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) and most research on “facethreatening acts” such as requests (Blum-Kulka, 1987; Holtgraves & Yang, 1990) and advice (e.”
BackgroundModifying L2 criticisms: How learners do it?
Nguyen, T. T. M. (2007) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2007.05.008 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Impoliteness in Germany: Intercultural encounters in everyday and institutional talk
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Requests On E-Mail: a Cross-Cultural Comparison
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“Studying only the linguistic forms used in phrasing the request itself, as in the studies conducted by Blum-Kulka et al (1989), cannot provide us with a full picture of the cultural differences inherent in making requests”
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Ameka, F. K., & Terkourafi, M. (2019) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2019.04.001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“For it has led them to seek politeness in increasing rates of indirectness, something which has not been confirmed cross-linguistically (e.g., Blum-Kulka 1987).”
BackgroundPolite speech strategies and their impact on drivers’ trust in autonomous vehicles
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Reduced sensitivity to prosodic attitudes in adults with focal right hemisphere brain damage
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“, please) and through choices in sentence structure; in the latter case, perceived politeness tends to increase in the face of ‘conventional indirectness’, for example, when a command is framed as an optional request posed to the listener (Blum-Kulka, 1987; Brown & Levinson, 1987; Clark & Schunk, 1980).”
BackgroundDisagreeing without being disagreeable: Negotiating workplace communities as an outsider
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Routine politeness in American and British English requests: use and non-use of please
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Rudeness, conceptual blending theory and relational work
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Implicatures in film: Construal and functions in Bridget Jones romantic comedies
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Requestive hints in Japanese and English
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Convention and Ritual (Im)politeness
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Relational Uncertainty and Message Production Within Courtship: Features of Date Request Messages
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When in Rome: Evaluations of L2 pragmalinguistic behaviors
Hinkel, E. (1996) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(95)00043-7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“As has become comm on in literature associated with L2 politeness beh aviors, the findin gs are present ed for comparison in the form of ave rage rankings ass igned to each stateme nt by LI groups (Baker, 1992 ; Blum-Kulka, 1987 ; Ca rre ll and Kon neker , 1981 , Hin kel , 1994 a,b) .”
BackgroundDo we need to be silent to be extremely polite? Silence and FTAs1
Sifianou, M. (1995) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00074.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
(In)directness and complaints: A reassessment
Decock, S., & Depraetere, I. (2018) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2018.04.010 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“For instance, Blum-Kulka (1987) found that in the case of requests, conventional indirectness is perceived as more polite than nonconventional indirectness,4 and Wierzbicka (1985) argues that the evaluation of specific speech act realizations in terms of directness and politeness varies…”
BackgroundDeixis from a cognitive point of view
Janssen, T. A. J. M. (2011) · Mouton eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110907575.245 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Criticizing in an L2: Pragmatic strategies used by Vietnamese EFL learners
Nguyen, T. T. M. (2008) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/ip.2008.003 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Electronic Complaints: An Empirical Study On British English And German Complaints On Ebay
Meinl, M. E. (2013) · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Impoliteness in children's interactions in a Spanish/English bilingual community of practice
Cashman, H. R. (2006) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr.2006.012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Cicero to Lucceius (Fam. 5.12) in Its Social Context: Valde Bella?
Hall, J. (1998) · Classical Philology · doi:10.1086/449403 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“For discussions of "directness" and "indirectness" in phrasing, see Blum-Kulka 1987; Weizman 1989; Risselada 1993, 86-96.”
BackgroundThe principal principles of pragmatic inference: politeness
Turner, K. (1996) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444800008211 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Deontic rights in interaction : A conversation analytic study on authority and cooperation
Stevanovic, M. (2013) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Do me a favor: A descriptive analysis of favor asking sequences in American English
Goldschmidt, M. M. (1998) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(97)00038-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The production and perception of implicit performatives
Holtgraves, T. (2005) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2005.03.005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
- Authors
- Blum-Kulka, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Pragmatics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131-146
- ISSN
- 0378-2166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974543382
- Cited by
- 891
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 29.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pragmatics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation
- Keywords
- indirectness, politeness, requests, politeness theory, coerciveness, face, hints, Hebrew language, English language
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