“It doesn’t matter what you are!” Explaining social effects of agents and avatars
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Results from CASA-framed studies continue to inform our understanding of communication phenomena.
“Results from CASA-framed studies continue to inform our understanding of communication phenomena (e.g., Hoffmann et al., 2009; Von der Pütten et al., 2010).”
From Building a Stronger CASA: Extending the Computers Are Social Actors Paradigm (2020) · cites this paper as Von der Pütten et al., 2010
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Case study—Embodied virtual agents: An analysis on reasons for failure
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Cheng, Y.-W., Sun, P., & Chen, N. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.07.020 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Appel, J., von der Pütten, A. M., Krämer, N. C., & Gratch, J. S. (2012) · Advances in Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1155/2012/324694 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Recent studies about the impact of anthropomorphic virtual humans indicate that increasing the number of social cues leads to even stronger social reactions on the part of the user [13–20].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationGeorgescu, A. L., Kuzmanovic, B., Roth, D., Bente, G., & Vogeley, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00807 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“…(the belief or knowledge about the nature of a VC) A top-down influence of belief about the nature of the VC (agent or avatar) may also modulate its perception [Stanley et al., 2007, 2010; Liepelt and Brass, 2010; Klapper et al., 2014; but see Press et al. (2006) and von der Pütten et al. (2010b)].”
BackgroundInfluentialFirst Impressions in Human--Agent Virtual Encounters
Cafaro, A., Vilhjálmsson, H. H., & Bickmore, T. (2016) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/2940325 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“In our context of human–agent interaction, the two Big 5 factors that are most closely related to social interaction (i.e., extraversion and agreeableness) have been found to be predictive of positive agent’s judgments in interpersonal encounters [P¨utten et al. 2010].”
BackgroundChugunova, M., & Sele, D. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2022.101897 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Chatbot usage in restaurant takeout orders: A comparison study of three ordering methods
Leung, X. Y., & Wen, H. (2020) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.09.004 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Pütten, A. M. R.-V. D., Krämer, N. C., & Herrmann, J. (2018) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-018-0466-7 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Research in the realm of virtual agents utilized self-disclosure to investigate rapport, the influence of back-channeling mechanisms [19,45], and the influence of reciprocal self-disclosure [31,44].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMetatla, O., Oldfield, A., Ahmed, T., Vafeas, A., & Miglani, S. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300608 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Kruzic, C. O., Kruzic, D., Herrera, F., & Bailenson, J. N. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76672-4 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“At the same time, they appear to contradict previous research and theories suggesting that additional social cues and/or social realism lead to higher levels of social presence and more positive communication outcomes 21,22,88,89 .”
BackgroundResultTsai, W. S., Lun, D., Carcioppolo, N., & Chuan, C. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21556 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Chérif, E., & Lemoine, J.-F. (2019) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/2051570719829432 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Loveys, K., Sebaratnam, G., Sagar, M., & Broadbent, E. (2020) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-020-00680-7 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Piwek, L., McKay, L. S., & Pollick, F. E. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Kothgassner, O. D., Felnhofer, A., Hlavacs, H., Beutl, L., Palme, R., Kryspin‐Exner, I., & Glenk, L. M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.081 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Empathic voice assistants: Enhancing consumer responses in voice commerce
Mari, A., Mandelli, A., & Algesheimer, R. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114566 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The effects of appearance and motion of virtual characters on emotional reactivity
Mousas, C., Anastasiou, D., & Spantidi, O. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.036 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Krämer, N. C., Karacora, B., Lucas, G., Dehghani, M., Rüther, G., & Gratch, J. S. (2016) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.04.002 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, W., Jiang, M., Li, W., & Mou, J. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123407 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Druga, S., Williams, R., Park, H. W., & Breazeal, C. (2018) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3202185.3202741 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Effects of cooperative gaming and avatar customization on subsequent spontaneous helping behavior
Dolgov, I., Graves, W. J., Nearents, M., Schwark, J., & Volkman, C. B. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.028 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Empathy Is All You Need: How a Conversational Agent Should Respond to Verbal Abuse
Chin, H., Molefi, L. W., & Yi, M. Y. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376461 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Pfeiffer, U. J., Schilbach, L., Jording, M., Timmermans, B., Bente, G., & Vogeley, K. T. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00537 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“…characters have demonstrated that the interaction with virtual agents elicits social behaviors which are similar to real interaction (von der Pütten et al., 2010) and that uncontrolled aspects of another person’s outer appearance and non-verbal behavior can be filtered out while…”
BackgroundSocial evaluations of embodied agents and avatars
Guadagno, R., Swinth, K. R., & Blascovich, J. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.07.017 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Human–virtual character interaction: Toward understanding the influence of haptic feedback
Krogmeier, C., Mousas, C., & Whittinghill, D. (2019) · Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds · doi:10.1002/cav.1883 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“179] or the average amplitude of peaks [F(4, 55) = 1.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSocial engagement and user immersion in a socially based virtual world
Grinberg, A. M., Careaga, J. S., Mehl, M. R., & O'Connor, M. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.008 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Real-life prosocial behavior decreases after being socially excluded by avatars, not agents
Kothgassner, O. D., Griesinger, M., Kettner, K., Wayan, K., Völkl-Kernstock, S., Hlavacs, H., Beutl, L., & Felnhofer, A. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.059 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Types of humor that robots can play
Tay, B. T. C., Low, S. C., Ko, K. H., & Park, T. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.042 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Bittner, E. A. C., Oeste-Reiß, S., & Leimeister, J. M. (2019) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2019.035 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Longa, L. D., Valori, I., & Farroni, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795283 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“The virtual partner can be either an avatar, namely a virtual representation of a real human user who interacts online, or a virtual agent, which is a digital animation that behaves in a pre-specified way or is controlled by the computer (von der Pütten et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTelepresence Social Robotics towards Co-Presence: A Review
Almeida, L., Menezes, P. J., & Dias, J. M. M. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12115557 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Teubner, T., Adam, M. T. P., & Riordan, R. (2015) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00412 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…disentangle the influence of agency and graphical representations with important implications for emotions and behavior in the context of cooperative and communicative tasks in virtual environments (Appel et al., 2012; Guadagno et al., 2007; Nowak & Biocca, 2003; von der Pütten et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodMediated Social Support for Distress Reduction: AI Chatbots vs. Human
Meng, J., Rheu, M., Zhang, Y., Dai, Y. H., & Peng, W. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579505 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Behavioral Objects: The Rise of the Evocative Machines
Levillain, F., & Zibetti, E. (2017) · Journal of Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.5898/jhri.6.1.levillain · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Kothgassner, O. D., Goreis, A., Kafka, J. X., Kaufmann, M., Atteneder, K., Beutl, L., Hennig‐Fast, K., Hlavacs, H., & Felnhofer, A. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.11.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A Human Touch: Social Touch Increases the Perceived Human-likeness of Agents in Virtual Reality
Hoppe, M., Rossmy, B., Neumann, D. P., Streuber, S., Schmidt, A., & Machulla, T. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376719 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“According to Von der Putten et al. [48], two leading theories describe the implicated effects of perceived agency: The Ethopoeia concept [35,36] implies that social reactions occur regardless of the perceived level of agency.”
BackgroundDo Robo-Advisors Make Us Better Investors?
Back, C., Morana, S., & Spann, M. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2023.101984 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Carr, C. T. (2019) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmz018 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Roman, M. K., Bellei, E. A., Biduski, D., Pasqualotti, A., de Araújo, C. D. S. R., & Marchi, A. C. B. D. (2020) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103461 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Sajjadi, P., Hoffmann, L., Cimiano, P., & Kopp, S. (2019) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2019.100313 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“[24], our results do not support the claim of Nowak and Biocca [25] that high levels of anthropomorphism raises expectations in users (i.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAgencement of onlife and phygital: smart tech–enabled value co-creation practices
Mele, C., & Spena, T. R. (2024) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-03-2023-0113 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
van Pinxteren, M. M. E., Pluymaekers, M., Lemmink, J. G. A. M., & Krispin, A. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21792 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Kulms, P., & Kopp, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Digital Humanities · doi:10.3389/fdigh.2018.00014 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
von der Pütten, A. M., Krämer, N. C., & Gratch, J. S. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15892-6_23 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationKothgassner, O. D., & Felnhofer, A. (2020) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2020.1792790 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Let’s Face It: Influence of Facial Expressions on Social Presence in Collaborative Virtual Reality
Kimmel, S., Jung, F., Matviienko, A., Heuten, W., & Boll, S. C. (2023) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580707 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“My Avatar and Her Beloved Possession”: Characteristics of Attachment to Virtual Objects
Nagy, P., & Köles, B. (2014) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20759 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Krämer, N. C., Lucas, G., Schmitt, L., & Gratch, J. S. (2017) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.09.001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The Rapport Agent does feature a wide range of nonverbal feedback such as diverse head nods, eye blinking, posture shifts and smiling, which has been shown to be su ffi cient to produce increased evaluation and social behaviors (Gratch et al., 2006; Huang et al., 2011; von der Pütten et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationUnderstanding Public Perceptions of AI Conversational Agents: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
Liu, Z., Li, H., Chen, A., Zhang, R., & Lee, Y.-C. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642840 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Seymour, M., Yuan, L., Riemer, K., & Dennis, A. R. (2024) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.0203 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Lucas, G., Boberg, J., Traum, D. R., Artstein, R., Gratch, J. S., Gainer, A., Johnson, E., Leuski, A., & Nakano, M. (2018) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3171221.3171258 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationAljaroodi, H. M., Adam, M. T. P., Chiong, R., & Teubner, T. (2019) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v23i0.1841 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…on users’ social experience half body, static, 2D [H2EA] eCommerce [business] enjoyment, intention to use, presence, usefulness 188 (Lab) von der Pütten et al. (2010) [CHB] Evaluates whether interacting with either an avatar or an agent lead to higher level of attention full body, motion, 3D…”
BackgroundVirtual research assistants: Replacing human interviewers by automated avatars in virtual worlds
Hasler, B. S., Tuchman, P., & Friedman, D. A. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
I saw it on YouTube! How online videos shape perceptions of mind, morality, and fears about robots
Küster, D., Świderska, A., & Gunkel, D. J. (2020) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444820954199 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Prior research demonstrated that social cues, such as human-like appearance and behavioral realism, lead the human perceiver to anthropomorphize artificial entities, that is, to imbue them with a human-like mind (Epley et al., 2007; Von der Pütten et al., 2010).”
BackgroundRivers, S. E., Handley-Miner, I. J., Mayer, J. D., & Caruso, D. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770422.030 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Sülter, R. E., Ketelaar, P. E., & Lange, W.-G. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104384 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Beliefs about human agency influence the neural processing of gaze during joint attention
Caruana, N., de Lissa, P., & McArthur, G. M. (2016) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2016.1160953 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Yokotani, K., Takagi, G., & Wakashima, K. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.045 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The avatar in marketing: Synthesis, integrative framework and perspectives
Garnier, M., & Poncin, I. (2013) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/2051570713478335 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Similarly, a whole section of the literature shows that like the real body, strong physical and emotional reactions can be provoked by an experience mediated by an avatar (Turkle, 1994; Voisenat, 2009; Von der Pütten et al., 2010).”
BackgroundExploring users’ social responses to computer counseling interviewers’ behavior
Kang, S., & Gratch, J. S. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The Rapport Agent has proven to elicit feelings of rapport in the interview interaction, similar to those observed in the face-to-face condition (Kang & Gratch, 2010; von der Pütten et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationFelnhofer, A., Kafka, J. X., Hlavacs, H., Beutl, L., Kryspin‐Exner, I., & Kothgassner, O. D. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.031 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Designing Robot Embodiments for Social Interaction: Affordances Topple Realism and Aesthetics
Paauwe, R. A., Hoorn, J. F., Konijn, E. A., & Keyson, D. V. (2015) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-015-0301-3 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Are Individuals More Willing to Lie to a Computer or a Human? Evidence from a Tax Compliance Setting
LaMothe, E. G., & Bobek, D. D. (2020) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04408-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- von der Pütten, A. M., Krämer, N. C., Gratch, J., & Kang, S.-H.
- Affiliations
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1641-1650
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2151363564
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 14.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Keywords
- embodied conversational agents, avatars, social influence, ethopoeia, behavioral realism, social cues, human-agent interaction
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