Antidiabetic drugs for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: Repurposing insulin, metformin, and thiazolidinediones
Abstract
Medical and scientific communities have been striving to disentangle the complexity of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), in order to develop a cure or effective treatment for these diseases. Along this journey, it has become important to identify the early events occurring in the prodromal phases of these diseases and the disorders that increase the risk of neurodegeneration highlighting common pathological features. This strategy has led to a wealth of evidence identifying diabetes, mainly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a main risk factor for the onset and progression of AD and PD. Impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction are features common to both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and AD and PD, and they appear before clinical diagnosis of the two neurodegenerative diseases. These could represent the strategic nodes of therapeutic intervention. Following this line of thought, a conceivable approach is to repurpose antidiabetic drugs as valuable agents that may prevent or reduce the risk of cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the past and current findings that link AD and PD with T2DM, emphasizing the common pathological mechanisms. The efficacy of antidiabetic drugs, namely intranasal insulin, metformin, and thiazolidinediones, in the prevention and/or treatment of AD and PD is also discussed.
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Proposed mechanisms for pesticide pathology include a combination of inflammatory dysregulation and metabolic alterations, such as insulin resistance and ghrelin-dysregulation that produces neurodegeneration.
“Proposed mechanisms for this pathology include a combination of inflammatory dysregulation and metabolic alterations, such as insulin resistance and ghrelin-dysregulation that produces neurodegeneration [195, 196].”
From The gut–brain axis in early Parkinson’s disease: from prodrome to prevention (2025) · cites this paper as [195]
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- Authors
- Cardoso, S., & Moreira, P. I.
- Affiliations
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Susana Cardoso
- Paula Isabel Moreira
- Venue
- International Review of Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 155
- Pages
- 37-64
- ISSN
- 0074-7742 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3048444952
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 29.22
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International review of neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- European Regional Development Fund
- Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade (UID/NEU/04539/2019, CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção (UIDB/04539/2020)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, drug repurposing, antidiabetic drugs, insulin, metformin, thiazolidinediones, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired glucose metabolism, neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, intranasal insulin
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Metformin, Parkinson Disease, Thiazolidinediones, Drug Repositioning
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