Vitamin A, Nutrition, and Health Values of Algae: Spirulina, Chlorella, and Dunaliella
Open accessAbstract
Spirulina, chlorella, and dunalliella are unicellular algae that are commercially produced worldwide. These algae are concentrated sources of carotenoids (especially provitamin A carotenoids) and other nutrients, such as vitamin B12. Their health benefits as a complementary dietary source for macro and micro nutrients have been studied and confirmed in various populations. The safety of human consuming these algae and products derived from these algae by humans has been widely studied. It is generally concluded that these algae and its products are safe if cultivated properly in a non-contaminated environment, and if consumed in moderation.
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Dunaliella has not been used for dedicated nutritional supplementation to date, and no reliable nutritional analyses have been done.
“It has not been used for dedicated nutritional supplementation to date, and thus no reliable nutritional analyses have been done;”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
The Safety of Using Algal Products section (page not provided) discusses consumption of Dunaliella products as dietary supplements, contrary to the claim that they have not been used for supplementation. The DUNALIELLA section (page not provided) also identifies its carotenoids and quantifies β-carotene at up to 13.8% of dry weight; it does not support the assertion that no reliable nutritional analyses have been done. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDunaliella has been used pharmacologically for treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, Crohn's disease, bronchodilation, and photo damage.
“however, it has been used pharmacologically for treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, Crohn’s disease, bronchodilation, and photo damage [49].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
The DUNALIELLA section describes antihypertensive and bronchodilator pharmacological functions. The Other Health Effect section reports protection against photo damage and possible effects on atherosclerosis, but says a benefit for Crohn’s disease is only possible, based on enteritis findings in rats. The claim overstates these findings as established uses for treatment of all five conditions. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost contaminated toxins in spirulina come from other toxic algae species that become mixed up during harvest.
“Most contaminated toxins come from other toxic algae species that become mixed up during harvest, necessitating the study of spirulina production processes at home.”
From Tendencies Affecting the Growth and Cultivation of Genus Spirulina: An Investigative Review on Current Trends (2022) · cites this paper as Tang and Suter [35]
The Safety of Using Algal Products section says cyanobacterial toxins often stem from toxic species when algae are harvested from mixed phytoplankton populations, and it calls for studying cultivation techniques suitable for home growing. It does not establish that most contaminating toxins have this origin; it says “often,” not “most.” (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpirulina includes vitamin A (β-carotene) at 211 mg/100 g, vitamin K at 1090 μg, and vitamin B12 at 162 μg.
“It was also reported that spirulina includes a significant amount of vitamins, including vitamin A (β-carotene) at 211 mg/100 g, vitamin K at 1090 µg, and vitamin B12 at 162 µg [88].”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
Tang and Suter noted the importance of investigating home cultivation practices for spirulina.
“Tang and Suter [35] noted how important it is to investigate home cultivation practices for spirulina.”
From Tendencies Affecting the Growth and Cultivation of Genus Spirulina: An Investigative Review on Current Trends (2022) · cites this paper as Tang and Suter [35]
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- Authors
- Tang, G., & Suter, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- University Hospital Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences
- Publisher
- Set Publishers
- Published
- 2011-01-05
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-118
- ISSN
- 1927-5951 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3140237773
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Industry and Aquatic Biology
- Keywords
- Spirulina, Chlorella, Dunaliella, microalgae, vitamin A, provitamin A carotenoids, vitamin B12, health benefits, dietary supplements, food safety, nutrient composition
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