Single prediction equation for bioelectrical impedance analysis in adults aged 20–94 years
Abstract
Existing equations for bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are of limited use when subjects age or become overweight because these equations were developed in young, normal-weight subjects and are not valid in elderly or overweight people. The purpose of this study was to validate a single BIA equation in healthy white subjects aged 22--94 y with a body mass index between 17.0 and 33.8 kg/m(2). Healthy subjects (202 men and 141 women) aged 20--94 y were measured by two methods: fat-free mass (FFM) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR-4500) and by a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (Xitron 4000B). Validity of BIA was assessed by double cross validation. Because correlations were high (r = 0.986--0.987) and prediction errors low, a single equation was developed using all subjects, as follows: FFM = -4.104 + (0.518 x height(2)/resistance) + (0.231 x weight) + (0.130 x reactance) + (4.229 x sex: men = 1, women = 0). FFM predicted with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was 54.0 +/- 10.7 kg. BIA-predicted FFM was 54.0 +/- 10.5 kg (r = 0.986, standard error of the estimate = 1.72 kg, technical error = 1.74 kg). In conclusion, the new Geneva BIA equation was valid for prediction of FFM in healthy adults aged 22--94 y with body mass indexes between 17.0 and 33.8 kg/m(2). Inclusion of reactance in the single prediction equation appeared to be essential for use of BIA equations in populations with large variations in age or body mass.
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The best BIA equations developed for specific population groups have been properly validated.
“The best BIA equations developed for specific population groups have been properly validated [22-24].”
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“Lower limb muscle mass was measured by bioimpedance analysis [21–24] using the Body Composition Analyzer MC-190 (Tanita Corp.”
MethodAandstad, A., Holtberget, K., Hageberg, R., Holme, I., & Anderssen, S. A. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00545 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Kyle, U. G., Pirlich, M., Schuetz, T., Luebke, H. J., Lochs, H. H., & Pichard, C. (2003) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0261-5614(03)00049-9 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“FFM was calculated using a previously validated multiple regression BIA equation (30): FFM= 4.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBendavid, I., Lobo, D. N., Barazzoni, R., Cederholm, T., Coëffier, M., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., Fontaine, E. M., Hiesmayr, M., Laviano, A., Pichard, C., et al. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.012 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationSmoking status and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediated systemic inflammation in COPD patients
Tanni, S. É., Pelegrino, N. R. G., Angeleli, A. Y. O., Corrêa, C. R., & Godoy, I. (2010) · Journal of Inflammation · doi:10.1186/1476-9255-7-29 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Fat-free mass (FFM), in kg, was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA 101, RJL systems, Detroit, MI, USA) according to European Society Parenteral Enteral Nutrition guidelines [19] using specific equations for COPD patients and healthy controls [20, 21 ].”
MethodBiolo, G., Di Girolamo, F. G., Breglia, A., Chiuc, M., Baglio, V., Vinci, P., Toigo, G., Lucchin, L., Jurdana, M., Pražnikar, Z. J., et al. (2015) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.015 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Body size and composition and colon cancer risk in women
MacInnis, R. J., English, D. R., Hopper, J. L., Gertig, D. M., Haydon, A. M., & Giles, G. G. (2005) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.21508 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Body Fat Free Mass Is Associated with the Serum Metabolite Profile in a Population-Based Study
Jourdan, C., Petersen, A.-K., Gieger, C., Döring, A., Illig, T., Wang‐Sattler, R., Meisinger, C., Peters, A., Adamski, J., Prehn, C. P., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040009 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Fat free mass, fat mass, and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass were then calculated by means of Kyle’s equations [18,19] on which the following indices are based: FFMI (fat free mass in kg/(height in m)(2)), body fat mass index (body fat mass in kg/(height in m)(2)) and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index…”
MethodThe prevalence of malnutrition according to the new ESPEN definition in four diverse populations
Rojer, A. G. M., Kruizenga, H. M., Trappenburg, M. C., Reijnierse, E. M., Sipilä, S., Narici, M. V., Hogrel, J., Butler-Browne, G. S., McPhee, J. S., Pääsuke, M., et al. (2015) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.06.005 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Prevalence of sarcopenia among healthy ambulatory subjects: the sarcopenia begins from 45 years
Cherin, P., Voronska, E., Fraoucene, N., & de Jaeger, C. (2013) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-013-0132-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Haverkort, E. B., Reijven, P. L. M., Binnekade, J. M., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., Earthman, C. P., Gouma, D. J., & de Haan, R. J. (2014) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.203 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Musculoskeletal Frailty: A Geriatric Syndrome at the Core of Fracture Occurrence in Older Age
Gielen, E., Verschueren, S., O’Neill, T. W., Pye, S. R., O’Connell, M. D. L., Lee, D. M., Ravindrarajah, R., Claessens, F., Laurent, M. R., Milisen, K., et al. (2012) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-012-9622-5 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Body composition changes over 9 years in healthy elderly subjects and impact of physical activity
Genton, L., Karsegard, V. L., Chevalley, T., Kossovsky, M. P., Darmon, P., & Pichard, C. (2011) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.01.009 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationLongitudinal follow-up of body composition in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients
Kyle, U. G., Chalandon, Y., Miralbell, R., Karsegard, V. L., Hans, D. B., Trombetti, A., Rizzoli, R., Helg, C., & Pichard, C. (2005) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704996 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationPison, C. M., Cano, N., Chérion, C., Caron, F., Court‐Fortune, I., Antonini, M.-T., Gonzalez‐Bermejo, J., Meziane, L., Molano, L. C., Janssens, J.-P., et al. (2011) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2010.154922 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationBosy‐Westphal, A., Danielzik, S., Dörhöfer, R., Piccoli, A., & Müller, M. J. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.82.1.60 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“The use of a prediction equation for body composition that included both H(2)/R and Xc (12) also failed to show an increase in percentage fat mass with age at the same BMI (results not shown).”
MethodBosy‐Westphal, A., Danielzik, S., Dörhöfer, R., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.1.60 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Beberashvili, I., Azar, A., Sinuani, I., Kadoshi, H., Shapiro, G., Feldman, L., Averbukh, Z., & Weissgarten, J. (2013) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.04980512 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Comparison of Four Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Formulas in Healthy Elderly Subjects
Genton, L., Karsegard, V. L., Kyle, U. G., Hans, D. B., Michel, J., & Pichard, C. (2001) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000052821 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationLaboratory and field measurements of body composition
Norgan, N. G. (2005) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005799 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Aldana, S. G., Greenlaw, R. L., Diehl, H. A., Salberg, A., Merrill, R. M., Ohmine, S., & Thomas, C. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.12.007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Takai, Y., Ohta, M., Akagi, R., Kato, E., Wakahara, T., Kawakami, Y., Fukunaga, T., & Kanehisa, H. (2013) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-013-0419-7 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Bioelectric impedance phase angle is associated with hospital mortality of geriatric patients
Wirth, R., Volkert, D., Rösler, A., Sieber, C. C., & Bauer, J. M. (2009) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2009.12.002 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kyle, U. G., Morabia, A., Slosman, D. O., Mensi, N., Unger, P., & Pichard, C. (2001) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2001470 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“The BIA equation used in the present study was validated in healthy subjects (Kyle et al. 2001a), stable in- and outpatients (Kyle et al. 2001b), and elderly subjects (Genton et al. 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRæder, H., Kværner, A. S., Henriksen, C., Florholmen, G., Henriksen, H. B., Bøhn, S. K., Paur, I., Smeland, S., & Blomhoff, R. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.12.028 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“These included the equations incorporated into the manufacturers software, The Kyle (“Geneva”) equation [14] recommended by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and equations previously tested in cancer populations, see Appendix 1 [14e23].”
MethodImpact of Rehabilitation on Breast Cancer Related Fatigue: A Pilot Study
Invernizzi, M., Alessandro de, S. I. R. E., Lippi, L., Venetis, K., Sajjadi, E., Gimigliano, F., Gennari, A., Criscitiello, C., Cisari, C., & Fusco, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.556718 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kyle, U. G., Unger, P., Mensi, N., Genton, L., & Pichard, C. (2002) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00804-8 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationVerdich, C., Barbe, P., Petersen, M., Grau, K., Ward, L. C., Macdonald, I. A., Sørensen, T. I. A., & Oppert, J. (2011) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2010.10.007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Yoshida, D., Shimada, H., Park, H., Anan, Y., Ito, T., Harada, A., & Suzuki, T. (2014) · Geriatrics & Gerontology International · doi:10.1111/ggi.12177 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Desplan, M., Mercier, J. G., Sabaté, M., Ninot, G., Prefaut, C., & Dauvilliers, Y. A. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.09.023 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Aging, physical activity and height-normalized body composition parameters
Kyle, U. G., Genton, L., Gremion, G., Slosman, D. O., & Pichard, C. (2004) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0261-5614(03)00092-x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationDey, D. K., Bosaeus, I., Lissner, L., & Steen, B. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601625 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Nutrition Status and Pressure Ulcer: What We Need for Nutrition Screening
Hengstermann, S., Fischer, A., Steinhagen‐Thiessen, E., & Schulz, R. J. (2007) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607107031004288 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Pataky, Z., Genton, L., Spahr, L., Lazarevic, V., Terraz, S., Gaïa, N., Rubbia-Brandt, L., Golay, A., Schrenzel, J., & Pichard, C. (2016) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-016-4179-1 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Resistance and reactance were converted to FFM using the Geneva formula [18].”
MethodSelf-citationMainenti, M. R. M., Rodrigues, É. C., de Oliveira, J. F., Ferreira, A. D. S., Dias, C. M., & Silva, A. L. D. S. (2011) · Clinics · doi:10.1590/s1807-59322011000900001 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Beberashvili, I., Azar, A., Sinuani, I., Yasur, H., Feldman, L., Averbukh, Z., & Weissgarten, J. (2010) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq031 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“validated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry on 343 healthy adult subjects [27]:”
MethodPlayer, E., Morris, P., Thomas, T. R., Chan, W. Y., Vyas, R., Dutton, J. J., TANG, J. C. Y., Alexandre, L., & Forbes, A. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.003 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“course not the first study to support the use of BIA in assessment of nutritional status ([25]), nor the 272 first to find particular value from the standardized PA, in general ([26]), and in the context of 273 disease states that substantially alter body fluid such as cirrhosis, and chronic renal failure ([27-30]).”
BackgroundKyle, U. G., Genton, L., & Pichard, C. (2002) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/00075197-200207000-00012 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationLangkamp‐Henken, B., Hudgens, J., Stechmiller, J. K., & Herrlinger‐Garcia, K. A. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.07.005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
IL-6 Levels, Nutritional Status, and Mortality in Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients
Beberashvili, I., Sinuani, I., Azar, A., et al. (2011) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.01770211 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The new ESPEN diagnostic criteria for malnutrition predict overall survival in hospitalised patients
Rondel, A. L., Langius, J. A. E., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., & Kruizenga, H. M. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.018 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Norman, K., Stobäus, N., Kulka, K., & Schulzke, J. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.261 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Beberashvili, I., Azar, A., Sinuani, I., Kadoshi, H., Shapiro, G., Feldman, L., Sandbank, J., & Averbukh, Z. (2014) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.08.017 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Prevalence of low muscle mass according to body mass index in older adults
Graf, C. E., Pichard, C., Herrmann, F. R., Sieber, C. C., Zekry, D., & Genton, L. (2016) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.10.002 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Geneva BIA formula (5), which was validated against dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 65”
MethodSelf-citationRush, E. C., Chandu, V, & Plank, L. D. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803230 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Similarities in Acquired Factors Related to Postmenopausal Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia
Sirola, J. P., & Kröger, H. (2011) · Journal of Osteoporosis · doi:10.4061/2011/536735 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“[31] U.”
MethodGuerrero, K., Wuyam, B., Mezin, P., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00229.2005 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Moreover, LR patients received tacrolimus as anticalcineurin therapy and were not exposed to cyclosporin A (15).”
Backgroundvan der Meij, B. S., Schoonbeek, C. P., Smit, E. F., Muscaritoli, M., van Leeuwen, P. A. M., & Langius, J. A. E. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512004527 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“FFM was calculated from resistance and reactance at the frequency of capacitance by using the Kyle Geneva equation (20) .”
van der Kooi, A.-L. L. F., Snijder, M. B., Peters, R. J. G., & van Valkengoed, I. G. M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137739 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
ESPEN diagnostic criteria for malnutrition - A validation study in hospitalized patients.
Guerra, R., Fonseca, I., Sousa, A., Jesus, A., Pichel, F., & Amaral, T. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.08.022 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
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Muscoloskeletal aging, sarcopenia and cancer
Colloca, G. A., Capua, B. D., Bellieni, A., Cesari, M., Marzetti, E., Valentini, V., & Calvani, R. (2018) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2018.11.007 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The behavioral and clinical effects of therapeutic lifestyle change on middle-aged adults.
Aldana, S. G., Greenlaw, R. L., Diehl, H. A., Salberg, A., Merrill, R. M., Ohmine, S., & Thomas, C. (2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 65 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kyle, U. G., Genton, L., Karsegard, L., Slosman, D. O., & Pichard, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- Venue
- Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 248-253
- ISSN
- 0899-9007 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2041793073
- Cited by
- 573
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- bioelectrical impedance analysis, fat-free mass, prediction equations, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, reactance, resistance, body mass index, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged
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