Is Alzheimer’s disease a type 3 diabetes? A critical appraisal
Open accessAbstract
Recently researchers proposed the term ‘Type-3-Diabetes’ for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) because of the shared molecular and cellular features among Type-1-Diabetes, Type-2-Diabetes and insulin resistance associated with memory deficits and cognitive decline in elderly individuals. Recent clinical and basic studies on patients with diabetes and AD revealed previously unreported cellular and pathological among diabetes, insulin resistance and AD. These studies are also strengthened by various basic biological studies that decipher the effects of insulin in the pathology of AD through cellular and molecular mechanisms. For instance, insulin is involved in the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, which in turn causes phosphorylation of tau, which involved in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Interestingly, insulin also plays a crucial role in the formation amyloid plaques. In this review, we discussed significant shared mechanisms between AD and diabetes and we also provided therapeutic avenues for diabetes and AD.
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Alzheimer's disease shares multiple mechanisms with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, leading to the term 'type 3 diabetes'.
“researchers have used the term “type 3 diabetes”, first proposed over a decade ago, [74] to refer to Alzheimer’s disease due to the plethora of shared mechanisms implicated both in AD and type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM) [75].”
From The Role of Cortisol in Chronic Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Psychological Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in critical brain areas cause neurodegeneration implicated in AD and PD, and these occur due to insulin resistance in T2DM.
“Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are mentioned above and occur in critical brain areas to cause neurodegeneration implicated in diseases, such as AD and PD [73], occur due to insulin resistance in T2DM [75].”
From The Role of Cortisol in Chronic Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Psychological Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
Brain insulin resistance is involved in cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurofibrillary tangles formation and amyloid plaques.
“Indeed, brain insulin resistance has been shown to be involved in cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurofibrillary tangles formation and amyloid plaques [110], leading to AD being referred to as type III diabetes.”
From Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. (2022) · cites this paper as [110]
Recent studies have regarded Alzheimer's disease as type 3 diabetes because of insulin signaling pathways damage.
“Recent studies have regarded Alzheimer's disease as type 3 diabetes because of insulin signaling pathways damage (123).”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [123]
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- Authors
- Kandimalla, R., Thirumala, V., & Reddy, P. H.
- Affiliations
- Texas Tech University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kandimalla, Ramesh
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 1863
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1078-1089
- ISSN
- 0925-4439 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5344773
- OpenAlex
- W2515127987
- Semantic Scholar
- 04a10da50c2e76178e9dc7c3c40c9cdd281202ac
- Cited by
- 621
- References
- 189
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (AG042178, AG047812)
- Garrison Family Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, type 3 diabetes, insulin resistance, insulin signaling, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, tau phosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, cognitive decline, memory impairment
- MeSH terms
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta, Alzheimer Disease, Amyloid, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Insulin, Phosphorylation, tau Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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