Are there bi-directional associations between depressive symptoms and C-reactive protein in mid-life women?
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Objective To test whether depressive symptoms are related to subsequent C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and/or whether CRP levels are related to subsequent depressive symptoms in mid-life women.Methods Women enrolled in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) were followed for 7years and had measures of CES-Depression scores and CRP seven times during the follow-up period. Women were pre- or early peri-menopausal at study entry and were of Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, Japanese, or Chinese race/ethnicity. Analyses were restricted to initially healthy women.Results Longitudinal mixed linear regression models adjusting for age, race, site, time between exams, and outcome variable at year X showed that higher CES-D scores predicted higher subsequent CRP levels and vice versa over a 7-year period. Full multivariate models adjusting for body mass index, physical activity, medications, health conditions, and other covariates showed that higher CRP levels at year X predicted higher CES-D scores at year X+1, p=0.03. Higher depressive symptoms predicted higher subsequent CRP levels at marginally significant levels, p=0.10.Conclusions Higher CRP levels led to higher subsequent depressive symptoms, albeit the effect was small. The study demonstrates the importance of considering bi-directional relationships for depression and other psychosocial factors and risk for heart disease.
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The inflammation-depression pathway is bidirectional, as depressive symptoms predict increases in inflammation in some samples.
“Yet, there is also evidence that the inflammation-depression pathway is bidirectional as depressive symptoms predict increases in inflammation in some samples (Huang et al., 2017; Matthews et al., 2010; Stewart et al., 2009).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Matthews et al., 2010
In 3302 mid-life women, higher CESD scores predicted higher CRP levels and vice versa over a 7-year period.
“A 2010 longitudinal study investigated the association between depressive symptoms and CRP levels in 3302 mid-life women [92]. The assessment included CESD and blood CRP levels at the baseline and after 7 years. Results showed that higher CESD scores predicted higher CRP levels and vice versa over a 7-year period [92].”
From C-Reactive protein as a biomarker for major depressive disorder? (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Matthews, K. A., Schott, L. L., Bromberger, J. T., Cyranowski, J. M., Everson-Rose, S. A., & Sowers, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Matthews, Karen A.
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 96-101
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2844108
- OpenAlex
- W2142710692
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (6u01ag012535-26)
- National Institute on Aging (U01-AG-012535, AG012531, U01AG012539, U01AG012505, AG 012535, AG012495, AG 012554, U01AG012553, U01AG012495, AG 012505, AG 012546, AG012553, U01AG012554, U01AG012546, U01AG012531, AG012539)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NR-004061, U01NR004061)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- depressive symptoms, C-reactive protein, bidirectional relationship, middle-aged women, perimenopause, inflammation, heart disease risk, CES-D, Study of Women's Health Across the Nation
- MeSH terms
- C-Reactive Protein, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Obesity, United States, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index
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