Immunometabolic dysregulation is associated with reduced cortical thickness of the anterior cingulate cortex
Open accessAbstract
Background Immunometabolic dysregulation (low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysregulation) has been associated with the onset and more severe course of multiple psychiatric disorders, partly due to neuroanatomical changes and impaired neuroplasticity. We examined the effect of multiple markers of immunometabolic dysregulation on hippocampal and amygdala volume and anterior cingulate cortex thickness in a large sample of patients with depression and/or anxiety and healthy subjects (N=283).Methods Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), c-reactive protein (CRP), triglyceride levels and HDL-cholesterol and genomic profile risk scores (GPRS) for immunometabolic dysregulation were determined in peripheral blood and T1 MRI scans were acquired at 3T. Regional brain volume and cortical thickness was assessed using FreeSurfer. Covariate-adjusted linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between immunometabolic dysregulation and brain volume/thickness across all subjects.Results Multiple immunometabolic dysregulation markers (i.e. triglyceride levels and inflammation) were associated with lower rostral ACC thickness across all subjects. IL-6 was inversely associated with hippocampal and amygdala volume in healthy subjects only. GPRS for immunometabolic dysregulation were not associated with brain volume or cortical thickness.Conclusions Multiple serum, but not genetic immunometabolic dysregulation markers were found to relate to rostral ACC structure, suggesting that inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may impact the ACC through similar mechanisms.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In major depressive disorder, higher peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines, more inflammation-related gene expression, and less neuroprotective gene expression are associated with greater hippocampal volume loss and medial prefrontal cortex thinning.
“higher levels of peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines, greater expression of inflammation-related genes, and reduced expression of neuroprotective genes, have all been associated with greater hippocampal volume decline and mPFC thinning in MDD (95–97).”
From The Impact of Stress and Major Depressive Disorder on Hippocampal and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Morphology (2019) · cites this paper as [96]
Cites
A Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Major Depression
Dowlati, Y., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., Liu, H., Sham, L., Reim, E. K., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033 · Cited by 4,729 · see citing works
Overweight, Obesity, and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies
Luppino, F. S., de Wit, L. M., Bouvy, P. F., Stijnen, T., Cuijpers, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Zitman, F. G. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2 · Cited by 4,322 · see citing works
Self-citationBiological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids
Teslovich, T. M., Musunuru, K., Smith, A. V., Edmondson, A. C., Stylianou, I. M., Koseki, M., Pirruccello, J. P., Ripatti, S., Chasman, D. I., Willer, C. J., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09270 · Cited by 3,487 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index
MAGIC, Speliotes, E. K., on behalf of Procardis Consortium, Willer, C. J., Berndt, S. I., Monda, K. L., Thorleifsson, G., Jackson, A. U., Allen, H. L., Lindgren, C. M., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.686 · Cited by 2,912 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis.
Howren, M. B., Lamkin, D. M., & Suls, J. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181907c1b · Cited by 2,766 · see citing works
Wittchen, H.-U. (1994) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)90036-1 · Cited by 2,348 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035302 · Cited by 2,206 · see citing works
Mechanisms of stress in the brain
McEwen, B. S., Bowles, N. P., Gray, J. D., Hill, M. N., Hunter, R. G., Karatsoreos, I. N., & Nasca, C. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4086 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
Limbic system mechanisms of stress regulation: Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis
Herman, J. P., Ostrander, M. M., Mueller, N. K., & Figueiredo, H. (2005) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.006 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works
Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Mitchell, A. J., De Hert, M., Wampers, M., Ward, P. B., Rosenbaum, S., & Correll, C. U. (2015) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20252 · Cited by 1,271 · see citing works
for the ENIGMA-Major Depressive Disorder Working Group, Schmaal, L., Veltman, D. J., van Erp, T. G. M., Sämann, P. G., Frodl, T., Jahanshad, N., Loehrer, E., Tiemeier, H., Hofman, A., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.69 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Self-citationDiorio, D., Viau, V, & Meaney, M. (1993) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-09-03839.1993 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment
Pariante, C. M., & Miller, A. H. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01088-x · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
for the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group, van Erp, T. G. M., Hibar, D. P., Rasmussen, J. M., Glahn, D. C., Pearlson, G. D., Andreassen, O. A., Agartz, I., Westlye, L. T., Haukvik, U. K., et al. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.63 · Cited by 1,140 · see citing works
Self-citationThe subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in mood disorders
Drevets, W. C., Savitz, J., & Trimble, M. (2008) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900013754 · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
Mitchell, A. J., Vancampfort, D., Sweers, K., van Winkel, R., Yu, W., & Binder, M. D. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr148 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): rationale, objectives and methods
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Beekman, A. T. F., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., Nolen, W. A., Spinhoven, P., Cuijpers, P. J., de Jong, P. J., van Marwijk, H., Assendelft, W. J., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.256 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Self-citationThe inventory for depressive symptomatology (IDS): Preliminary findings
Rush, A. J., Giles, D. E., Schlesser, M. A., Fulton, C. L., Weissenburger, J. E., & Burns, C. (1986) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(86)90060-0 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Miller, A. H., Haroon, E., Raison, C. L., & Felger, J. C. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22084 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Beyond Bonferroni: Less conservative analyses for conservation genetics
Narum, S. R. (2006) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10592-005-9056-y · Cited by 864 · see citing works
Penninx, B. W., Milaneschi, Y., Lamers, F., & Vogelzangs, N. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-129 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Self-citationLeonard, B., & Maes, M. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.005 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Beyond Bonferroni: less conservative analyses for conservation genetics
Narum, S. R. (2006) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10592-006-9189-7 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Anterior cingulate cortex: unique role in cognition and emotion
Stevens, F. L., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2011) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.23.2.jnp121 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Bidirectional Association Between Depression and Metabolic Syndrome
Pan, A., Keum, N., Okereke, O. I., Sun, Q., Kivimaki, M., Rubin, R. R., & Hu, F. B. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2055 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Harrison, N. A., Brydon, L., Walker, C., Gray, M. A., Steptoe, A., & Critchley, H. D. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.015 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Raji, C. A., Ho, A. J., Parikshak, N., Becker, J. T., López, O. L., Kuller, L. H., Hua, X., Leow, A., Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20870 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Prospective association between obesity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study
Roberts, R. E., Deleger, S., Strawbridge, W. J., & Kaplan, G. A. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802204 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Obesity and C ‐reactive protein in various populations: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Choi, J., Joseph, L., & Pilote, L. (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12003 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Dehghan, A., Dupuis, J., Barbalić, M., Bis, J. C., Eiríksdóttir, G., Lu, C., Pellikka, N., Wallaschofski, H., Kettunen, J., Henneman, P., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.948570 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Self-citationVancampfort, D., Vansteelandt, K., Correll, C. U., Mitchell, A. J., Herdt, A. D., Sienaert, P. A., Probst, M., & Binder, M. D. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12050620 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Psychological and metabolic stress: A recipe for accelerated cellular aging?
Epel, E. S. (2009) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1217 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress
Slavich, G. M., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Taylor, S. E. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1009164107 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Brain Development Cooperative Group (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr018 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Ansell, E. B., Rando, K., Tuit, K., Guarnaccia, J., & Sinha, R. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.022 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Fernandes, B. S., Steiner, J., Bernstein, H.-G., Dodd, S., Pasco, J. A., Dean, O. M., Nardin, P., Gonçalves, C.-A., & Berk, M. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.87 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 Covaries Inversely with Hippocampal Grey Matter Volume in Middle-Aged Adults
Marsland, A. L., Gianaros, P. J., Abramowitch, S. M., Manuck, S. B., & Hariri, A. R. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.016 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Receptor architecture of human cingulate cortex: Evaluation of the four‐region neurobiological model
Palomero‐Gallagher, N., Vogt, B. A., Schleicher, A., Mayberg, H. S., & Zilles, K. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20667 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Vogelzangs, N., Duivis, H. E., Beekman, A. T. F., Kluft, C., Neuteboom, J., Hoogendijk, W., Smit, J. H., de Jonge, P., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.8 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Self-citationInflammation, Glutamate, and Glia in Depression:<i>A Literature Review</i>
McNally, L., Bhagwagar, Z., & Hannestad, J. (2008) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900016734 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Savitz, J., Drevets, W. C., Smith, C. M., Victor, T. A., Wurfel, B. E., Bellgowan, P. S., Bodurka, J., Teague, T. K., & Dantzer, R. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.194 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein Levels in Schizophrenia
Miller, B. J., Culpepper, N. H., & Rapaport, M. H. (2013) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.micu.020813 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
What Stress Does to Your Brain: A Review of Neuroimaging Studies
Dedovic, K., D’Aguiar, C., & Pruessner, J. C. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400104 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Cytology and receptor architecture of human anterior cingulate cortex
Palomero‐Gallagher, N., Mohlberg, H., Zilles, K., & Vogt, B. (2008) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21684 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Cytokines, stress, and depressive illness
Anisman, H., & Merali, Z. (2002) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00009-0 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Chronic stress, metabolism, and metabolic syndrome
Tamashiro, K. L., Sakai, R. R., Shively, C. A., Karatsoreos, I. N., & Reagan, L. P. (2011) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2011.606341 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Rolls, E. (2008) · Acta Physiologica Hungarica · doi:10.1556/aphysiol.95.2008.2.1 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Localization of interleukin 6 mRNA and interleukin 6 receptor mRNA in rat brain
Schöbitz, B., Voorhuis, D. A. M., & de Kloet, E. R. (1992) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(92)90046-a · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Baune, B., Smith, E., Reppermund, S., Air, T., Samaras, K., Lux, O., Brodaty, H., Sachdev, P. S., & Trollor, J. N. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.02.006 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Polygenic dissection of major depression clinical heterogeneity
Milaneschi, Y., Lamers, F., Peyrot, W. J., Abdellaoui, A., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Hottenga, J., Jansen, R., Mbarek, H., Dehghan, A., Lu, C., et al. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.86 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationFrodl, T., Carballedo, A., Hughes, M. M., Saleh, K., Fagan, A., Skokauskas, N., McLoughlin, D. M., Meaney, J., O'Keane, V, & Connor, T. J. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.14 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Meier, T. B., Drevets, W. C., Wurfel, B. E., Ford, B. N., Morris, H. M., Victor, T. A., Bodurka, J., Teague, T. K., Dantzer, R., & Savitz, J. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.003 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Does the brain shrink as the waist expands?
Willette, A. A., & Kapogiannis, D. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.007 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein Alterations in Bipolar Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
Dargél, A. A., Godin, O., Kapczinski, F., Kupfer, D. J., & Leboyer, M. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14r09007 · Cited by 155 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2015) and bipolar disorder (Vancampfort et al., 2013; Dargél et al., 2015; Vancampfort et al., 2015) and immunometabolic dysregula-”
Boomsma, D. I., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Sullivan, P. F., Heutink, P., Meijer, P., Sondervan, D., Kluft, C., Smit, G., Nolen, W. A., Zitman, F. G., et al. (2008) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201979 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationPopulation structure, migration, and diversifying selection in the Netherlands
Abdellaoui, A., Hottenga, J., de Knijff, P., Nivard, M. G., Xiao, X., Scheet, P. A., Brooks, A. I., Ehli, E. A., Hu, Y., Davies, G. E., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.48 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationFrodl, T., & Amico, F. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.013 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Pleiotropic genes for metabolic syndrome and inflammation
Kraja, A. T., Chasman, D. I., North, K. E., Reiner, A. P., Yanek, L. R., Kilpeläinen, T. O., Smith, J. A., Dehghan, A., Dupuis, J., Johnson, A. D., et al. (2014) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.04.007 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Xu, Q., Anderson, D., & Lurie-Beck, J. (2011) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2011.04.007 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Vogelzangs, N., Beekman, A. T., van Reedt Dortland, A. K., Schoevers, R. A., Giltay, E. J., de Jonge, P., & Penninx, B. W. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.9 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationBeing overweight is associated with hippocampal atrophy: the PATH Through Life Study
Cherbuin, N., Sargent‐Cox, K. A., Fraser, M. A., Sachdev, P. S., & Anstey, K. J. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.106 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Body mass index and brain structure in healthy children and adolescents
Alosco, M. L., Stanek, K. M., Galioto, R., Korgaonkar, M. S., Grieve, S. M., Brickman, A. M., Spitznagel, M. B., & Gunstad, J. (2013) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207454.2013.817408 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Cortisol, cytokines, and hippocampal volume interactions in the elderly
Sudheimer, K. D., O'Hara, R. M., Spiegel, D., Powers, B. N., KRAEMER, H. C., Neri, E., Weiner, M. W., Hardan, A. Y., Hallmayer, J. F., & Dhabhar, F. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00153 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Shizuya, K., Komori, T., Fujiwara, R., Miyahara, S., Ohmori, M., & Nomura, J. (1997) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00608-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Miyahara, S., Komori, T., Fujiwara, R., Shizuya, K., Yamamoto, M., Ohmori, M., & Okazaki, Y. (2000) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00626-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Dieset, I., Haukvik, U. K., Melle, I. S., Røssberg, J. I., Ueland, T., Hope, S., Dale, A. M., Djurovic, S., Aukrust, P., Agartz, I., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Coping and glucocorticoid receptor regulation by stress inoculation
Lee, A. G., Buckmaster, C. L., Yi, E., Schatzberg, A. F., & Lyons, D. M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.020 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Belleau, E. L., Treadway, M. T., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.031 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Elevated lipids are associated with reduced regional brain structure in youth with bipolar disorder
Kennedy, K. G., Islam, A. H., Grigorian, A., Fiksenbaum, L., Mitchell, R. H. B., McCrindle, B. W., MacIntosh, B. J., & Goldstein, B. I. (2021) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13278 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- van Velzen, L. S., Schmaal, L., Milaneschi, Y., van Tol, M.-J., van der Wee, N. J. A., Veltman, D. J., & Penninx, B. W. J. H.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL)
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 60
- Pages
- 361-368
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2545177481
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (10-000-1002)
- NWO (91811602, 016.156.077)
- The Netherlands Brain Foundation (F2014(1)-24)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- anterior cingulate cortex, cortical thickness, hippocampal volume, amygdala volume, interleukin-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, genomic risk score, depression, anxiety, low-grade inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, brain structure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Cerebral Cortex, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Size
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
