Inflammation, Glutamate, and Glia in Depression:A Literature Review
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that inflammation and glutamate dysfunction contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. In this review we provide an overview of how these two systems may interact. Excess levels of inflammatory mediators occur in a subgroup of depressed patients. Studies of acute experimental activation of the immune system with endotoxin and of chronic activation during interferon-α treatment show that inflammation can cause depression. Peripheral inflammation leads to microglial activation which could interfere with excitatory amino acid metabolism leading to inappropriate glutamate receptor activation. Loss of astroglia, a feature of depression, upsets the balance of anti- and pro-inflammatory mediators and further impairs the removal of excitatory amino acids. Microglia activated by excess inflammation, astroglial loss, and inappropriate glutamate receptor activation ultimately disrupt the delicate balance of neuroprotective versus neurotoxic effects in the brain, potentially leading to depression.
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Inflammatory cytokines activate IDO and KYN pathways in the brain that affect glutamate neurotransmission and may contribute to glutamate dysfunction in depression.
“Inflammatory cytokines activate IDO and KYN pathways in the brain that effect glutamate neurotransmission and may contribute to glutamate dysfunction in depression (McNally et al., 2008, Dantzer et al., 2011, Haroon et al., 2012).”
From Inflammatory cytokines in depression: neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications (2013) · cites this paper as McNally et al., 2008
Inflammation increases microglial activity and induces astroglial loss, which consequently induces glutamate release and upregulation of NMDA receptors.
“Inflammation increases the activities of the microglial cells and induce astroglial loss, which consequently induces glutamate release and an upregulation of NMDA receptors[59].”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [59]
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- Authors
- McNally, L., Bhagwagar, Z., & Hannestad, J.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- CNS Spectrums
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 501-510
- ISSN
- 1092-8529 (ISSN-L)
- 2165-6509
- OpenAlex
- W1769690510
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CNS Spectrums (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression, inflammation, glutamate dysfunction, microglial activation, excitatory amino acids, glutamate receptors, endotoxin, interferon-alpha, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, neurotoxicity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Brain, Depressive Disorder, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Kynurenine, Neuroglia, Neuronal Plasticity, Serotonin, Receptors, Glutamate, Microglia, Glutamic Acid, Inflammation Mediators, Rats
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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