Admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man: The senieur protocol
Abstract
Immunogerontological studies in man have often led to conflicting results. One of the main reasons is the selection of the subjects to be studied. Admission criteria such as "apparently healthy" or "without overt disease" seem insufficient to exclude underlying disease which might influence the immune system and thereby the results. In an attempt to solve this problem, the SENIEUR protocol described in this paper was developed by a working party in the framework of the EURAGE Concerted Action Programme on Ageing of the European Community. This protocol establishes strict admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man based on clinical information and laboratory data, and it sets limits to pharmacological interference. The use of this protocol will lead to standardization between centers and also to a closer study of the influence of age as such on the immune system. These findings in the immunologically "optimally aged" can also serve as reference values for immunogerontological studies in subjects who do not meet the SENIEUR criteria. In this way the use of this protocol can contribute to the dissection of the influence of disease versus ageing on the immune system.
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Paganelli, R., Quinti, I., Fagiolo, U., Cossarizza, A., ORTOLANI, C., GUERRA, E., Sansoni, P., Pucillo, L. P., Scala, E., Cozzi, E., et al. (1992) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb07954.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Nutrition and immunity in the elderly
Lesourd, B., & Mazari, L. (1999) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665199000907 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“‡ Young adults (25–34 years) and young elderly (75–84 years) were selected according to the SENIEUR protocol (Ligthart et al. 1984) plus additional criteria (Lesourd et al. 1994; Lesourd & Mearne, 1994).”
InfluentialWick, G., Jansen‐Dürr, P., Berger, P., Blasko, I., & Grubeck‐Loebenstein, B. (2000) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00489-2 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“The SENIEUR-Protocol is used to de®ne ``healthy old'' probands and the respective young controls by precise information on their living habits (must be self-sustaining), laboratory values and drug intake [11,12].”
MethodNatural Killer Cells in the Late Decades of Human Life
Ogata, K., Yokose, N., Tamura, H., An, E., Nakamura, K., Dan, K., & Nomura, T. (1997) · Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1006/clin.1997.4401 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Saresella, M., Calabrese, E., Marventano, I., Piancone, F., Gatti, A. V., Calvo, M. G., Nemni, R., & Clerici, M. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-091696 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Healthy elderly human groups were selected in according to the SENIEUR protocol for immuno-gerontological studies of European Community’s Control Action Programme on Aging [9,32].”
Aging and its impact on innate immunity and inflammation: Implications for periodontitis
Hajishengallis, G. (2013) · Journal of Oral Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.job.2013.09.001 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“This protocol established rigorous enrollment criteria for immunogerontological studies, on the basis of clinical and laboratory data, and set limits to pharmacological interference [25].”
Daily micronutrient supplements enhance delayed-hypersensitivity skin test responses in older people
Bogden, J. D., Bendich, A., Kemp, F., Bruening, K. S., Shurnick, J., Denny, T. N., Baker, H., & Louria, D. B. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/60.3.437 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“mission Criteria for Immunogeronological Studies in Man: The Senieur Protocol’ ‘ ( 20 ).”
BackgroundDetection of apoptosis in live cells by MitoTracker? Red CMXRos and SYTO dye flow cytometry
Poot, M., Gibson, L. L., & Singer, V. L. (1997) · Cytometry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19970401)27:4 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The aging immune system: Primary and secondary alterations of immune reactivity in the elderly
Wick, G., & Grubeck‐Loebenstein, B. (1997) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(96)00152-0 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Changes in apoptosis of human polymorphonuclear granulocytes with aging
Fülöp Jr, T., Fouquet, C., Allaire, P., Perrin, N., Lacombe, G., Stankova, J., Rola-Pleszczynski, M., Gagné, D., Wagner, J. R., Khalil, A., et al. (1997) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(96)01881-7 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Pallast, E. G., Schouten, E. G., de Waart, F. G., Fonk, H. C., Doekes, G., von Blomberg, B. M., & Kok, F. J. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1273 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“To avoid distortion by concomitant chronic diseases or infectious diseases occurring during intervention, analyses were also carried out in a healthy, so-called “senieur” population that was selected according to the SENIEUR protocol of the working party of the EURAGE Concerted Action Programme on Ageing of the Europe…”
MethodLoveren, H. V., van Amsterdam, J., Vandebriel, R. J., Kimman, T. G., Rümke, H. C., Steerenberg, P. S., & Vos, J. G. (2001) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.01109757 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
T cells and aging (update February 1999)
Pawelec, G. (1999) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/pawelec · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“It was nonetheless anticipated that when data became available using donors selected according to the strict standard criteria of the SENIEUR protocol (207)), results on cytokine secretion and other immunogerontological parameters would become more reproducible.”
Payette, H., & Gray‐Donald, K. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.3.478 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Aging and the Skin Immune System
Sunderkötter, C. H. (1997) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1997.03890460078009 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Savarino, L., Granchi, D., Ciapetti, G., Cenni, E., Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Maioli, F., & Mattioli, R. (2001) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00218-7 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Subjects were selected as reported in a previous research (Ravaglia et al., 1997) following the suggestions of the SENIEUR protocol admission criteria (Ligthart et al., 1984).”
Toll‐Like Receptors in Older Adults
van Duin, D., & Shaw, A. C. (2007) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01300.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“This highly restrictive protocol typically results in the exclusion of more than 70% of communitydwelling individuals aged 65 and older.(43,44) Although SENIEUR was developed in an attempt to standardize studies on human aging (albeit restricting such studies to the subset of the successfully aged), no agreement on al…”
BackgroundMethodRea, I. M., McNerlan, S., & Alexander, H. D. (1999) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(98)00058-8 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Changes in serum cytokine concentrations during the menopausal transition
Yasui, T., Maegawa, M., Tomita, J., Miyatani, Y., Yamada, M., Uemura, H., Matsuzaki, T., Kuwahara, A., Kamada, M., Tsuchiya, N., et al. (2006) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.11.002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The immune system in the elderly
Ginaldi, L., Martinis, M. D., D’Ostilio, A., Marini, L., Loreto, M. F., & Quaglino, D. (1999) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/bf02786468 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The frail elderly: role of dendritic cells in the susceptibility of infection
Uyemura, K., Castle, S. C., & Makinodan, T. (2002) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00033-7 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Bhushan, M., Cumberbatch, M., Dearman, R. J., Andrew, S. M., Kimber, I., & Griffiths, C. E. M. (2002) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04549.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Aging of the Innate Immune System: An Update
Mahbub, S., Brubaker, A. L., & Kovacs, E. J. (2011) · Current Immunology Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339511794474181 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Another restriction could be due to the fact that some studies have limited enrollment as they followed the SENIEUR protocol [60].”
BackgroundVitamin E ingestion improves several immune functions in elderly men and women
De la Fuente, M., Hernanz, A., Guayerbas, N., Manuel Victor, V., & Arnalich, F. (2008) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715760801898838 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“All elderly subjects were selected according to the immunogerontological ‘SENIEUR’ protocol [34].”
MethodThe significance of zinc for leukocyte biology
Wellinghausen, N., & Rink, L. (1998) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.64.5.571 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“SENIEUR protocol [93]), impaired immunological functions”
Zinc supplementation reconstitutes the production of interferon-α by leukocytes from elderly persons
CAKMAN, I., KIRCHNER, H., & RINK, L. (1997) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.1997.17.469 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A Complex Proinflammatory Role for Peripheral Monocytes in Alzheimer's Disease
Saresella, M., Marventano, I., Calabrese, E., Piancone, F., Rainone, V., Gatti, A. V., Alberoni, M., Nemni, R., & Clerici, M. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-131160 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“0HandheldAutomatedCellCounter cultures 1 × 10 6 PBMC were cultured for 24 h in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% human”
- Authors
- Ligthart, G. J., Corberand, J. X., Fournier, C., Galanaud, P., Hijmans, W., Kennes, B., Müller-Hermelink, H. K., & Steinmann, G. G.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (FR)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ligthart, Gerard J.
- ORCID
- Galanaud, Pierre
- Venue
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1984-11
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-55
- ISSN
- 0047-6374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2037412303
- Cited by
- 754
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 13.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- healthy aging, reference values, age-related immune changes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Immunity, Infections, Inflammation, Lymphoproliferative Disorders, Neoplasms, Research Design
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