Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity
Open accessAbstract
Background & aims Changes in gut microbiota have been reported to alter signaling mechanisms, emotional behavior, and visceral nociceptive reflexes in rodents. However, alteration of the intestinal microbiota with antibiotics or probiotics has not been shown to produce these changes in humans. We investigated whether consumption of a fermented milk product with probiotic (FMPP) for 4 weeks by healthy women altered brain intrinsic connectivity or responses to emotional attention tasks. Methods Healthy women with no gastrointestinal or psychiatric symptoms were randomly assigned to groups given FMPP (n = 12), a nonfermented milk product (n = 11, controls), or no intervention (n = 13) twice daily for 4 weeks. The FMPP contained Bifidobacterium animalis subsp Lactis, Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactococcus lactis subsp Lactis. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after the intervention to measure brain response to an emotional faces attention task and resting brain activity. Multivariate and region of interest analyses were performed. Results FMPP intake was associated with reduced task-related response of a distributed functional network (49% cross-block covariance; P = .004) containing affective, viscerosensory, and somatosensory cortices. Alterations in intrinsic activity of resting brain indicated that ingestion of FMPP was associated with changes in midbrain connectivity, which could explain the observed differences in activity during the task. Conclusions Four-week intake of an FMPP by healthy women affected activity of brain regions that control central processing of emotion and sensation.
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Ingestion of a fermented milk drink combining four bacterial strains was associated with changes in resting brain activity and midbrain connectivity centered on the periaqueductal gray, plus other regions, in healthy women.
“Alterations were observed in resting brain activity showing that ingestion of the fermented milk product was associated with changes in midbrain connectivity centered on the periaqueductal gray, along with other brain network regions including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), precuneus, basal ganglia, and the parahippocampal gyrus”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Tillisch et al., 2013
The Abstract and the section on the PAG-seeded resting-state network report altered resting-brain connectivity in healthy women, including a PAG-centered network with prefrontal, basal-ganglia, and parahippocampal regions. But Study Products and Administration lists five bacterial strains, not four; the four names in the Abstract are bacterial groups, with two strains of L. bulgaricus. The Discussion associates the precuneus finding with task-related activity rather than specifically with resting-state connectivity. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn healthy women, consumption of a fermented milk product supplemented with a probiotic modulated activity in brain regions involved in cognitive performance during an emotional attention test.
“In healthy women, consumption of a fermented milk product supplemented with a probiotic modulated the activity in brain regions involved in cognitive performance during an emotional attention test (Tillisch et al., 2013).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Tillisch et al., 2013
Intake of a fermented milk product containing multiple probiotic strains reduces the neural response to faces showing negative affect in healthy women.
“The initial study in this area demonstrated, in a sample of healthy women, that intake of a fermented milk product containing multiple probiotic strains could reduce the neural response to faces showing negative affect (fear or anger) (Tillisch et al., 2013).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Tillisch et al., 2013
Brain reactivity is reduced across a distributed network of brain regions including the PFC and parahippocampal gyrus.
“Specifically, brain reactivity was reduced across a distributed network of brain regions including the PFC and parahippocampal gyrus.”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Tillisch et al., 2013
Probiotic therapy has been shown to modulate CNS function in healthy volunteers through effects on brain regions controlling processing of emotion and sensation.
“probiotic therapy has been shown to modulate CNS function in healthy volunteers126 through effects on brain regions controlling processing of emotion and sensation.”
From The gut Microbiome in adult and pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [126]
Ingestion of probiotics modulates the processing of information that is strongly linked to anxiety and depression.
“The ingestion of probiotics modulates the processing of information that is strongly linked to anxiety and depression, and influences the neuroendocrine stress response.”
From Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers (2015) · cites this paper as Tillisch et al. 2013
A functional MRI investigation found that healthy subjects who received a fermented milk product with probiotics showed decreased BOLD activity to an emotional attention task using facial expressions in the insula and somatosensory regions.
“More recently, a functional MRI investigation found that healthy subjects who received a fermented milk product with probiotics showed decreased BOLD activity to an emotional attention task using facial expressions in the insula and somatosensory regions (Tillisch et al. 2013).”
From Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers (2015) · cites this paper as Tillisch et al. 2013
Manipulations of the gut microbiota can result in measurable changes in emotional processing in the healthy brain.
“The study demonstrates that manipulations of the gut microbiota can result in measurable changes in emotional processing in the healthy brain.”
From Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers (2015) · cites this paper as Tillisch et al. 2013
These results are consistent with a recent fMRI study reporting that a 3-week probiotic administration reduced neural response in a network of areas to angry and fearful facial expressions.
“These results are also consistent with a recent fMRI study which reported that a 3-week probiotic administration reduced neural response in a network of areas (including the somatosensory cortex, insula and parahippocampal gyrus) to angry and fearful facial expressions (Tillisch et al. 2013).”
From Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers (2015) · cites this paper as Tillisch et al. 2013
In a group of healthy women consuming a fermented milk product containing several probiotics, brain activity was found to be enhanced in specific regions associated with cognition.
“In a group of healthy women consuming a fermented milk product containing several probiotics, brain activity was found to be enhanced in specific regions associated with cognition (470).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [470]
In healthy women, 4 weeks of a fermented dairy product containing probiotics was associated with changes in midbrain connectivity and a reduced task-related response in brain regions controlling central processing of emotion and visceral sensation.
“Use of the probiotic drink was associated with changes in midbrain connectivity and a reduced task-related response in brain regions that control central processing of emotion and visceral sensation.”
From The Gut Microbiome and the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [129]
Alteration of gut microbiota could interfere with behavior and mood in humans.
“Fifth, it is well known that alteration of gut microbiota could interfere with behavior and mood in humans [80,81] ; on the other hand, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression are highly present as co-morbidities in individuals with IBS [82] .”
From Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies (2016) · cites this paper as [81]
In healthy subjects, a non-fermented milk product containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp Lactis, Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactococcus lactis subsp Lactis was able to affect activity of brain regions that control central processing of emotion and sensation.
“in healthy subjects a non-fermented milk product contained Bifidobacterium animalis subsp Lactis, Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactococcus lactis subsp Lactis was able to affect activity of brain regions that control central processing of emotion and sensation [81]”
From Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies (2016) · cites this paper as [81]
In another small-scale study in healthy female volunteers, consumption for 4 weeks of a fermented milk product containing 5 probiotic strains altered the activity of extensive brain networks.
“In another small-scale study in healthy female volunteers, consumption for 4 wk of a fermented milk product containing 5 probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp.lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, two strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis) altered the activity of extensive brain networks (i.e., primary interoceptive and somatosensory regions, a cluster”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [345]
Ingestion of probiotics by healthy individuals can alter the brain's response to a task that requires emotional attention.
“Moreover, a recent study found that the ingestion of probiotics by healthy individuals, which theoretically target the gut microbiome, can alter the brain’s response to a task that requires emotional attention29”
From Food and mood: How do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing? (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
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“Thus, our results show that the intake of multispecies probiotics for a 4-week period significantly reduced overall cognitive reactivity to depression and in particular aggressive and ruminative thoughts.”
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The Gut Microbiome and the Brain
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Self-citationFermented Foods, Health and the Gut Microbiome
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A psychology of the human brain-gut-microbiome axis
Allen, A. P., Dinan, T. G., Clarke, G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12309 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Arnold, L. E., Luna, R. A., Williams, K., Chan, J., Parker, R. A., Wu, Q., Hollway, J. A., Jeffs, A., Lu, F., Coury, D. L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0156 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tillisch, K., Labus, J., Kilpatrick, L., Jiang, Z., Stains, J., Ebrat, B., Guyonnet, D., Legrain–Raspaud, S., Trotin, B., Naliboff, B., & Mayer, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Danone (France) (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Tillisch, Kirsten
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1394-1401.e4
- ISSN
- 0016-5085 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3839572
- OpenAlex
- W2135025386
- Cited by
- 1,192
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 18
- FWCI
- 135.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Danone
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK085133, R01DK048351)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- fermented milk, probiotics, resting-state brain activity, emotional face processing, emotional attention, gut-brain axis, gut microbiota, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, somatosensory cortex, healthy women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Bifidobacterium, Brain, Female, Humans, Lactobacillus, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Lactococcus lactis, Treatment Outcome, Probiotics, Cultured Milk Products, Streptococcus thermophilus, Young Adult, Functional Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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