Gut microbes in neurocognitive and mental health disorders
Open accessAbstract
Introduction As individuals age, the prevalence of neurocognitive and mental health disorders increases. Current biomedical treatments do not completely address the management of these conditions. Despite new pharmacological therapy the challenges of managing these diseases remain.There is increasing evidence that the Gut Microbiome (GM) and microbial dysbiosis contribute to some of the more prevalent mental health and neurocognitive disorders, such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BP), and dementia as well as the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Methodology: Scoping review about the effect of gut microbiota on neurocognitive and mental health disorders.Results This scoping review found there is an evolving evidence of the involvement of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of neurocognitive and mental health disorders. This manuscript also discusses how the psychotropics used to treat these conditions may have an antimicrobial effect on GM, and the potential for new strategies of management with probiotics and faecal transplantation.Conclusions This understanding can open up the need for a gut related approach in these disorders as well as unlock the door for the role of gut related microbiota management.KEY MESSAGESChallenges of managing mental health conditions remain in spite of new pharmacological therapy.Gut dysbiosis is seen in various mental health conditions.Various psychotropic medications can have an influence on the gut microbiota by their antimicrobial effect.
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The microbiota-gut-brain axis has multiple sites for off-target activity, which may lead to positive or negative neurocognitive effects downstream.
“Certainly, the MGB axis has multiple sites for off-target activity, which may lead to positive or negative neurocognitive effects downstream, emphasizing the importance of antibiotic stewardship (404–407).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [404]
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Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Rusch, J. A., Layden, B. T., & Dugas, L. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1130689 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
<i>Ruminococcus gnavus</i> : friend or foe for human health
Crost, E. H., Coletto, E., Bell, A., & Juge, N. (2023) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuad014 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
“Emerging evidence suggests that microbial dysbiosis can contribute to the onset and progression of neurocognitive disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and dementia (de la Fuente-Nunez et al. 2018, Halverson and Alagiakrishnan 2020, Socala et al. 2021).”
BackgroundThe Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease
Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., Martín-Rodríguez, A., Ramos‐Campo, D. J., Redondo-Flórez, L., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14183809 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Shabbir, U., Arshad, M. S., Sameen, A., & Oh, D.-H. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020690 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“Emerging evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis can cause neurocognitive disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and dementia, as well as the psychological and behavioral symptoms of dementia (Table 1) [12].”
BackgroundMhanna, A., Martini, N., Hmaydoosh, G., Hamwi, G., Jarjanazi, M., Zaifah, G., Kazzazo, R., Mohamad, A. H., & Alshehabi, Z. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037114 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“[71] Meanwhile, antibiotics and poor diet can cause dysfunction of the gut microbiome leading to disparities in neurotransmitters that are involved in depressive disorders through the microbiome-gut-brain axis, possibly caused by either an increase in neuroinflammation or a decrease in…”
BackgroundOrtega, M. A., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Montero, C. G., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Monserrat, J., Martinez-Rozas, L., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., Álvarez‐Mon, M., & Lahera, G. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-01964-w · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Indeed, differences in tryptophan metabolizing bacterial pathways can be found in patients with neurological diseases [209] and psychiatric disorders including BD [210].”
BackgroundO’Connor, R. C., Worthman, C. M., Abanga, M. A., Athanassopoulou, N., Boyce, N., Chan, L. F., Christensen, H. M., Das‐Munshi, J., Downs, J. L., Koenen, K. C., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00058-5 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“50 Recent consortia-driven efforts have begun to identify genetic factors in suicidal behaviour and shared genetic influences on mental and physical health comorbidities.”
BackgroundMunawar, N., Ahsan, K., Muhammad, K., Ahmad, A., Anwar, M. A., Shah, I., Ameri, A. A., & Mughairbi, F. A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147671 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“In the past few years, gut–brain research has revolutionized the link between digestion, gut, immunity, health, and psychotic disorders [27,99,100].”
BackgroundProbiotics: Protecting Our Health from the Gut
Varela-Trinidad, G. U., Domínguez-Díaz, C., Solórzano-Castanedo, K., Íñiguez-Gutiérrez, L., Hernández-Flores, T. D. J., & Fafutis‐Morris, M. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071428 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ahmed, E., & Hens, K. (2021) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1958096 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Animal and human studies have also suggested an association between gut dysbiosis and different mental conditions (Halverson and Alagiakrishnan 2020), and research observations are increasingly reasserting the involvement of immune and inflammatory responses in the neuropathophysiological model…”
BackgroundMedicinal Plants and Their Impact on the Gut Microbiome in Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Pferschy‐Wenzig, E., Pausan, M.-R., Ardjomand-Woelkart, K., Röck, S., Ammar, R. M., Kelber, O., Moissl‐Eichinger, C., & Bauer, R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14102111 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“However, various neurocognitive and mental health conditions have been strongly associated with imbalances in the gut microbiome composition, referred to as dysbiosis [3].”
BackgroundApproach to the diagnosis and management of dysbiosis
Alagiakrishnan, K., Morgadinho, J., & Halverson, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1330903 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“It is hypothesized that the use of antibiotic regimens, both single and multiple use, may influence mental health conditions, such as depression and Alzheimer’s dementia, by changing the population of the gut microbiome (32, 112).”
BackgroundBi, C., Guo, S., Hu, S., Chen, J., Ye, M., & Liu, Z. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106372 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Daniloski, D., da Cunha, N. S. C., McCarthy, N. A., O’Callaghan, T. F., McParland, S., & Vasiljevic, T. (2021) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.073 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiome–Brain Crosstalk in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Ghezzi, L., Cantoni, C., Rotondo, E., & Galimberti, D. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10071486 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“The prevalence of bacteria considered proinflammatory, at the expense of more immunoregulatory microbial populations, can promote the release of proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial toxins, inhibit the transmission of the regulatory neural signal via the vagus nerve, and suppress the production and release of micro…”
BackgroundHuman Gut Microbiota in Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Choroszy, M., Litwinowicz, K., Bednarz, R., Roleder, T., Lerman, A., Toya, T., Kamiński, K. A., Sawicka, E., Niemira, M., & Sobieszczańska, B. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12121165 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Resilience or susceptibility to traumatic stress: Potential influence of the microbiome
Tanelian, A., Nankova, B. B., Miari, M., Nahvi, R. J., & Sabban, E. L. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100461 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Yu, S., Wang, L., Jing, X., Wang, Y., & An, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1088268 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the pathogenic mechanism of MDD might be closely related to a disorder of the gut microbiota (Halverson and Alagiakrishnan, 2020).”
BackgroundMacKay, M., Yang, B. H., Dursun, S. M., & Baker, G. B. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230222092029 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Interestingly, it appears that the use of common SRIs has also been associated with altered gut microbiomes [173], thereby raising the question of whether they may exert their therapeutic effects for OCD partially through the gut-brain axis.”
BackgroundInfluentialComorbidity of Anxiety and Hypertension: Common Risk Factors and Potential Mechanisms
Qiu, T., Jiang, Z., Chen, X., Dai, Y., & Zhao, H. (2023) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1155/2023/9619388 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Tryptophan and 5-HTP can enter the brain and become precursors of 5-HT in the central nervous system [130].”
BackgroundGut microbiome-gut brain axis-depression: interconnection
Patel, R. A., Panche, A. N., & Harke, S. N. (2024) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2024.2436854 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…suggests that the Gut Microbiome and microbial imbalance contribute to prevalent mental health and neurocognitive disorders, including depression, anxiety, oCD, PTSD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, dementia, and BPSD, through the microbiota-gut-brain axis (Halverson and Alagiakrishnan 2020).”
Homer, B., Judd, J., Dehcheshmeh, M. M., Ebrahimie, E., & Trott, D. J. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13091458 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“These products have neuroactive properties that can influence their hosts’ central nervous systems (CNS) and impact emotion, mood, and behaviour [11,23,25,26].”
BackgroundInfluentialElshahat, S., Moffat, T., Gagnon, O., Charkatli, L., & Gomes-Szoke, E. D. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106463 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hu, J., Johnson, T. A., Zhang, H., & Cheng, H. W. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10061081 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“An impaired intestinal barrier increases gut permeability (leaky gut), leading to pathogens and toxic components, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), being translocated or diffused systemically, which is one of the reasons for inflammation [32,33].”
BackgroundNota, M. H. C., Nicolas, S., O’Leary, O. F., & Nolan, Y. M. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105147 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Microbial Therapeutics in Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Disorders
Alagiakrishnan, K., & Halverson, T. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine Research · doi:10.14740/jocmr4575 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Yan, X., Shi, L., Zhu, X.-L., Zhao, Y., Luo, J., Li, Q., Xu, Z., & Zhao, J. J. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s531671 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bowers, S. J., Summa, K. C., Thompson, R. S., González, A., Vargas, F., Olker, C. J., Jiang, P., Lowry, C. A., Dorrestein, P. C., Knight, R. D., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.889211 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Manipulation of the diet–microbiota–brain axis in Alzheimer’s disease
Lee, D. D., Lee, V. M. ‐., & Hur, S. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1042865 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“serotonin, Saccharomyces in the production of noradrenaline, Lactobacillus in the production of acetylcholine, and Bacillus in the production of dopamine (Halverson and Alagiakrishnan, 2020).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Gut Microbiome, Neurotransmitters, and Digital Insights in Autism
Bamicha, V., Pergantis, P., & Drigas, A. S. (2024) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.3390/applmicrobiol4040114 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Microorganisms produce several important neurotransmitters, including GABA, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin [84,124].”
The Microbiota/Microbiome and the Gut–Brain Axis: How Much Do They Matter in Psychiatry?
Marazziti, D., Buccianelli, B., Palermo, S., Parra, E., Arone, A., Beatino, M. F., Massa, L., Carpita, B., Barberi, F. M., Mucci, F., et al. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11080760 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of depression and anxiety in children: nationwide cohort study
Wang, Y., Wintzell, V., Ludvigsson, J. F., Svanström, H., & Pasternak, B. (2022) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.13225 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wilson, C., Gattuso, J. J., Hannan, A. J., & Renoir, T. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106223 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…et al. Neurobiology of Disease 185 (2023) 106223 immunological response, endocrine signalling, and the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; and is mediated via neurotransmitter (predominately serotonergic) and microbial by-product synthesis and release (Halverson and Alagiakrishnan, 2020).”
Sleep deprivation-induced shifts in gut microbiota: Implications for neurological disorders
Wankhede, N. L., Kale, M. B., Kyada, A., Rekha, M. M., Chaudhary, K., Naidu, K. S., Rahangdale, S. R., Shende, P. V., Taksande, B. G., Khalid, M., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.11.070 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hoang, T., Kim, M. J., Park, J. W., Jeong, S., Lee, J., & Shin, A. (2022) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-022-09735-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tanihiro, R., Yuki, M., Sasai, M., Haseda, A., Kagami‐Katsuyama, H., Hirota, T., Honma, N., & Nishihira, J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010141 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…gut microbiome and metabolites resulting from antibiotics, chronic stress, or a disordered diet can trigger loss of gut function, affecting not only physical but also mental health; therefore, the maintenance of the gut environment is essential for many aspects of health, including gut health [5].”
BackgroundAlterations in gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines after administration of antibiotics in mice
Wang, G. T., Liu, X., Zhang, S., Wang, J., Qiu, B., Shao, J., Huang, W., Huang, Y., Yao, M., & Tang, L. (2024) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.03095-23 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Gut microbiota also significantly affects neurocognitive and mental health (12, 13).”
BackgroundZhou, M., Niu, B., Ma, J., Ge, Y., Han, Y., Wu, W., & Yue, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1535455 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The collective community of all microbes living in the human gut, such as many different types of known bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea, is referred to as the gut microbiota (Socała et al., 2021; Halverson and Alagiakrishnan, 2020).”
Kiran, N. S., Yashaswini, C., & Chatterjee, A. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122311 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Xie, Y., Shang, S., Luan, W., Ma, J., Yang, H., Qian, Q., Wu, Z., & Li, X. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c07035 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The microbiome-gut-brain axis in nutritional neuroscience
Schellekens, H., Ribeiro, G., Cuesta‐Marti, C., & Cryan, J. F. (2022) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2022.2128007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…development [9,56], ageing and degenerative disorders such as Parkinson ’ s disease (PD) [57], Alzheimer ’ s disease (AD) [58], neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis [59], schizophrenia [60] and psychiatric disorders, including depression or anxiety [61,62] and neurocognition [63].”
The Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer’s Disease: Exploring Microbial Influences and Therapeutic Strategies
Mustafa, M. A., Vadia, N., Varma, P., Al‐Shaker, H., Mohanty, B., Dhyani, A., Kaur, I., Chauhan, A. S., & Garg, G. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05474-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Circulating Metabolomic Associations with Neurocognitive Outcomes in Pediatric CKD
Lee, A. M., Xu, Y., Hooper, S. R., Abraham, A. G., Hu, J., Xiao, R., Matheson, M. B., Brunson, C., Rhee, E. P., Coresh, J., et al. (2023) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.0000000000000318 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Neuroinflammatory Loop in Schizophrenia, Is There a Relationship with Symptoms or Cognition Decline?
Pardo, C. C., Oyarce, K., & Vera-Montecinos, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26010310 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Systematic identification of the role of gut microbiota in mental disorders: a TwinsUK cohort study
Delanote, J., Rojo, A. C., Wells, P. M., Steves, C. J., & Ertaylan, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53929-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Gut microbiome dysbiosis has been suggested to be a hallmark of mental disorders 45 .”
BackgroundMicrobiota in anorexia nervosa: potential for treatment
Landini, L., Dadson, P., Gallo, F., Honka, M., & Cena, H. (2022) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422422000130 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sciuto, M., & Catanzaro, R. (2023) · Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica · doi:10.1556/030.2023.02134 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“These molecules under normal conditions do not spread to all systems, as the intestinal wall acts as a barrier and there is also an innate immune response capable of monitoring GM [33].”
BackgroundTroyer, E. A., Kohn, J. N., Ecklu-Mensah, G., Aleti, G., Rosenberg, D. R., & Hong, S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.034 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Li, D., & Shi, J. (2023) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/15333175231174193 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Oral microbiome diversity shapes the association between sleep duration and depression
Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Yang, C., Zhi, L., Xu, X. S., & Yuan, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1442557 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Progress on the mechanism of intestinal microbiota against colorectal cancer
Xing, G., Cui, Y., Guo, Z., Han, B., & Zhao, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1565103 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…feces of healthy donors contain a rich and diverse microbial community, which, upon transplantation into patients, can rectify the dysbiotic state of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer patients (Halverson and Alagiakrishnan, 2020; Guo et al., 2022; Nabizadeh et al., 2023; Hammer et al., 2024).”
Human matters in asthma: Considering the microbiome in pulmonary health
Marathe, S. J., Snider, M. A., Flores-Torres, A. S., Dubin, P. J., & Samarasinghe, A. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1020133 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“It is now well established that microbiota occupying various niches in the body play important roles in maintaining physical and mental health (Lynch and Pedersen, 2016; Man et al., 2017; Rieder et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018; Halverson and Alagiakrishnan, 2020; Jarbrink-Sehgal and Andreasson, 2020; El-Sayed et al.,…”
BackgroundRode, J., Hutchinson, A. N., Chatzopoulou, M. S., Bleiel, S. B., Gebresenbet, R. F., Andersson, L., Persson, J., Daillère, R., Beitz, B., Ben Abdallah, B., et al. (2025) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106113 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Krzyściak, W., Bystrowska, B., Karcz, P., Chrzan, R. M., Bryll, A., Turek, A., Mazur, P., Śmierciak, N., Szwajca, M., Donicz, P., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25042294 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Based on basic additional tests, no disorders requiring further diagnostics were found in any person from the control group.”
BackgroundMallik, B., Mishra, T. K., Dubey, P., Kesheri, M., & Kanchan, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-1769-9_10 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lactococcus strains with psychobiotic properties improve cognitive and mood alterations in aged mice
Gao, K., Chen, C., Zheng, Z., Fan, Q., Wang, H., Li, Y., & Chen, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1439094 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gorzelanna, Z., & Miszczak, M. (2024) · Pets · doi:10.3390/pets1030015 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mechanisms of the effect of gut microbes on depression through the microbiota-gut-brain axis
Zhou, X., Wang, S., Wang, X., Chen, X., Zhou, P., Ma, K., & Zhang, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1634548 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Patients with BD exhibit significantly reduced α diversity in gut microbiota, increased abundance of the genera Atopobium , Bacteroidetes , Escherichia-Shigella , and Flavonifractor , and reduced abundance of the phylum Firmicutes (21, 193, 194).”
Murthy, M. K. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fritz, J., Lamadrid‐Figueroa, H., Muñoz-Rocha, T. V., Huerta-García, Y., Martínez-Silva, G., Valdivia, B. T., Martínez-Medina, S., Hernández-Chávez, C., Osorio-Valencia, E., Burris, H. H., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73914-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Microbes have been observed to affect neuroendocrine signaling 35 , and are implicated in several brain functions such as synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter regulation 36 .”
BackgroundExercise attenuates the hallmarks of aging: Novel perspectives
Qiu, Y., Fernández‐Garcia, B., Lehmann, H. I., Li, G., Kroemer, G., López-Otı́n, C., & Xiao, J. (2025) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101108 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“253,254 In contrast, a more diverse and resilient gut microbiota is associated with increased longevity and reduced frailty.”
Giri, R., & Sharma, R. K. (2022) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac019 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
From Dysbiosis to Distress: The Gut–Brain Connection in Trauma-Related Disorders
Marano, G., Giudice, L. L., Specogna, E., Chisari, L., Brisi, C., Traversi, G., Mazza, O., & Mazza, M. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18030530 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Many antidepressants and antipsychotics exhibit antimicrobial activity that can alter gut microbial composition, potentially influencing metabolic side effects and treatment response [10,19].”
InfluentialIzzy, S., Yahya, T., Albastaki, O., Cao, T., Schwerdtfeger, L., Abou‐El‐Hassan, H., Chopra, K., Ekwudo, M. N., Kurdeikaite, U., Verissimo, I. M., et al. (2024) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae147 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“95,101,102 Synthesis of secondary bile acids was also decreased, a pathway previously shown to play an anti-inflammatory role 103 and specifically decrease activation in proinflammatory microglia profiles in animal models of multiple sclerosis.”
BackgroundFIGO best practice recommendations for the mental health of women at menopausal age
Khadilkar, S. S., Divakar, H., Benedetto, C., Genazzani, A., Ramos, D. E., Argale, E., Deshpande, G., Hicky, M., Filho, A. L. D. S., Castañeda, E. H., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.70943 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Babiker, R. A., Kaddam, L. A., & Mariod, A. A. (2022) · Functional Food Science · doi:10.31989/ffs.v2i10.1019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Deda, O., Kachrimanidou, M., Armitage, E. G., Mouskeftara, T., Loftus, N. J., Zervos, I. A., Taitzoglou, I., & Gika, H. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12111039 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“There is increasing evidence that gut dysbiosis is correlated with some of the more common mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BP), and dementia [8,9].”
BackgroundRole of Glial Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) and Microbiota in Schizophrenia
Tsytsarev, V., Vaganova, A. N., Volnova, A. B., Fesenko, Z. S., Getachew, B., Gainetdinov, R. R., & Tizabi, Y. (2025) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-025-04525-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pangenomics: A new era in the field of neurodegenerative diseases
Abondio, P., Bruno, F., Passarino, G., Montesanto, A., & Luiselli, D. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102180 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…is compounded by the fact that BPSD can present a marked inter-individual variability in different patient populations and environmental factors can play a major role (Halverson and Alagiakrishnan, 2020; Talebzadeh et al., 2023; van der Velde-van Buuringen et al., 2023; Wan et al., 2021).”
BackgroundBellach, L., Kautzky‐Willer, A., Heneis, K., Leutner, M., & Kautzky, A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162584 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shevlyakov, A., Nikogosov, D. A., Stewart, L.-A., & Toribio-Mateas, M. A. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021002524 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and psychiatric disorders
Jaiswal, S., Bag, A., & Bhandarı, S. S. (2022) · Open Journal of Psychiatry & Allied Sciences · doi:10.5958/2394-2061.2022.00016.7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“[1] Last decade witnessed growing attention of the scientific community for the potential effect GM on human health and wellbeing.”
BackgroundThe Impact of Microbiota on Neurological Disorders: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications
Merra, G., Placa, G. L., Covino, M., Candelli, M., Gasbarrini, A., & Franceschi, F. (2025) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2501273 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wei, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, S.-A., Liu, K., Zhong, Q., Fan, W., Cao, B., Chen, H.-W., Liang, Y., Li, Q., et al. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251372522 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reque, P. M., Brandelli, A., Miyazaki, C. M. S., & Pessoa, A. F. M. (2025) · Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research · doi:10.1155/agm3/3675425 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Role of Various Types of Diets in the Treatments of Depressive Disorders
Lis, A., Maj, P., Świętek, A., & Romuk, E. B. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61101737 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Among these factors, diet represents the most modifiable determinant, with specific dietary patterns capable of steering the microbiota toward either pro-inflammatory or neuroprotective configurations [119,120].”
Opportunities for growth in the growing field of psychobiotics
Wissel, E. F., de León, L. C.-D., & Tipton, L. (2022) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2022.0051 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tuberculosis-related Mood Disorders: Probiotics as a Next-Generation Strategy
Bhardwaj, A., & Gupta, R. (2023) · Current Probiotics · doi:10.2174/0126666499221169231123062539 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gustafson, K. L., McAdams, Z. L., Russell, A. L., Dorfmeyer, R. A., Turner, G., & Ericsson, A. C. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109090 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Deep Insight into the Correlation Between Gut Dysbiosis and Alzheimer’s Amyloidopathy
Kondaveeti, S. N., Thekkekkara, D., Lakshmi Narayanan, T., Manjula, S. N., Tausif, Y. M., Babu, A., & Meheronnisha, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics · doi:10.1177/0976500x221150310 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Halverson, T., & Alagiakrishnan, K. (2025) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/jin36616 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Disruptions in the GM can alter the metabolites they produce, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and even neurotransmitters that affect the brain through the brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) axis [5,6].”
The Role of Microbiota Pattern in Anxiety and Stress Disorders—A Review of the State of Knowledge
Krupa-Kotara, K. H., Gwioździk, W., Nandzik, S., & Grajek, M. K. (2023) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych5030038 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A reduction in the abundance of Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia has also been noted among those with PTSD symptoms [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialA discussion on A1-free milk: Nuances and comments beyond implications to the health
Dantas, A., Pierezan, M. D., Camelo‐Silva, C., Zanetti, V. C., Pimentel, T. C., da Cruz, A. G., & Verruck, S. (2024) · Advances in food and nutrition research · doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.01.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, J., Lv, R., Xiong, S., Wang, H., & Zeng, Q. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000045195 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“[40] The gut-brain axis allows gut microbes to influence the central nervous system by producing neurotransmitters, and affect the metabolism of carcinogenic compounds, either detoxifying them or producing metabolites that can promote cancer development.”
Oral administration of indole-3-lactic acid alleviates activity-based anorexia in female mice
Tang, X., Wang, J., Sun, J., Jin, Z., Qian, X., Zhao, J., Chen, W., & Tian, P. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110746 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Can bugs be an alternative or adjuvant to drugs in schizophrenia?
Syed, M., Nayak, V., & Shenoy, P. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science · doi:10.7324/japs.2024.142934 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…and inflammatory pathways, neurotransmitters, microbial by-products, neuroendocrine and enteroendocrine signaling [vagus nerve and ENS, cortisol, and hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenal (HPA) axis], the stress response, and the vagus nerve; however, the processes are still being understood [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Biomolecular Basis of Gut Microbiome on Neurological Diseases
Anaya‐Prado, R., Cárdenas-Fregoso, A. P., Reyes-Perez, A. M., Ortiz-Hernandez, D. M., Quijano-Ortiz, M., Delgado-Martinez, M. V., Pelayo-Romo, A. S., Anaya-Fernández, R., Anaya-Fernandez, M. M., Azcona-Ramirez, C. C., et al. (2024) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2403232 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Human Microbiome-Based Prediction of Health Effects of Foods via Machine Learning
Inoue, N., Shibata, T., Sawada, R., & Yamanishi, Y. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c06318 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“Gut microbiota dysbiosis is gradually established as a causal factor for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including TNDs [38–40].”
Reisinger, S. N., Kong, G., van de Garde, N., Muhammad, A., Adithya, P., Lü, D., Kiridena, P., Gubert, C., Dabscheck, G., Payne, J. M., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03609-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Uso de los probióticos como tratamiento de síntomas intestinales causados por depresión
Hernández, J. P. C., & Calle, D. F. C. (2023) · LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades · doi:10.56712/latam.v4i2.617 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Gut microbiota disorders in obesity and colorectal cancer
SZPONAROWICZ, P., RZESZUTKO, M., SNOPKOWSKI, B., Raczkiewicz, P., PANEK, E., JASŁOWSKI, D., Panasiuk, D., Korzec, T., Sosnowski, J., & SKRĘTOWICZ, M. (2023) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.20.01.004
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“Research has also shown that the GM can 50 influence many pathophysiological and disease processes within the host including obesity [2], 51 inflammatory bowel disease [3], colon cancer [4], mental health disorders [5], and autism [6], 52 potentially alleviating or exacerbating disease processes.”
BackgroundThe use of supplements in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorders
Jeremić, N., Gostiljac, M., Stojanović, D., Nešić, M., Dodić, S., Erić, E., Dunjić-Kostić, B., Puric, M., & Pantović-Stefanović, M. (2022) · Engrami · doi:10.5937/engrami44-42748
“Poremećaji crevne flore mogu da dovedu do poremećaje nivoa triptofana, a niski nivoi triptofana su nađeni kod osoba sa BP [55] .”
BackgroundExploring the Microbiome through Probiotics and Psychobiotics: Deciphering the Gut-Brain Link
Pathak, R., Tirumalai, P. S., & Kashyap, S. (2023) · ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.31080/asmi.2023.06.1315
Insights in the Cross-Talk Between Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: A Focus on Alzheimer’s Disease
Soni, T., Jawanda, I. K., Kumari, S., & Prabha, V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3126-2_22
- Authors
- Halverson, T., & Alagiakrishnan, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Alagiakrishnan, Kannayiram
- Venue
- Annals of Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-08-31
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 423-443
- ISSN
- 0785-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2060
- PMC
- PMC7877977
- OpenAlex
- W3047682179
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, dysbiosis, microbiota-gut-brain axis, neurocognitive disorders, mental illness, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, dementia, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, psychotropic drugs, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Mental Disorders, Cognition, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Mental Health, Psychotropic Drugs, Treatment Outcome, Probiotics, Dysbiosis
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