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Cited by 17Asthma and respiratory diseasesNitric Oxide and Endothelin EffectsNeutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms

Boosting nitric oxide in stress and respiratory infection: Potential relevance for asthma and COVID-19

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Ritz, Thomas, Salsman, Margot L., Young, Danielle A., Lippert, Alexander R., Khan, Dave A., Ginty, Annie T.·2021·Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health
DOI 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100255PMC PMC8019595
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Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that is critical for supporting a plethora of processes in biological organisms. Among these, its role in the innate immune system as a first line of defense against pathogens has received less attention. In asthma, levels of exhaled NO have been utilized as a window into airway inflammation caused by allergic processes. However, respiratory infections count among the most important triggers of disease exacerbations. Among the multitude of factors that affect NO levels are psychological processes. In particular, longer lasting states of psychological stress and depression have been shown to attenuate NO production. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused a pandemic, and with that, sustained levels of psychological stress globally, also adversely affects NO signaling. We review evidence on the role of NO in respiratory infection, including COVID-19, and stress, and argue that boosting NO bioavailability may be beneficial in protection from infections, thus benefitting individuals who suffer from stress in asthma or SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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  • Mitochondria under low-oxygen conditions can reduce nitrite to NO, thereby modulating respiration and protecting against ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

    “Under low-oxygen conditions, they can reduce nitrite to NO, thereby modulating respiration and protecting against ischaemia-reperfusion injury.”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [60]

    The 'Beetroot juice as a source of dietary nitrate and nitric oxide' section (page unavailable) says nitrite can be converted to NO by bacterial and mammalian reductases under low-oxygen conditions. It does not identify mitochondria as the agents of that conversion or say that it modulates respiration or protects against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • NO inhibits cytochrome c oxidase reversibly, thereby regulating oxygen consumption and limiting the production of excessive reactive oxygen species.

    “NO inhibits cytochrome c oxidase reversibly, thereby regulating oxygen consumption and limiting the production of excessive reactive oxygen species [60].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [60]

    The “Airway NO in asthma” section discusses NO’s reactions with oxygen and superoxide, including the formation of potentially damaging reactive species. Searches for cytochrome c oxidase, reversible inhibition, and mitochondrial respiration found no passage addressing the claimed mechanism or its effect on oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species. (LLM, conf=0.73)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ritz, T., Salsman, M. L., Young, D. A., Lippert, A. R., Khan, D. A., & Ginty, A. T.
Affiliations
  • Southern Methodist University (US)
  • Baylor University (US)
  • The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Ritz, Thomas
ORCID
Venue
Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-07
Volume
14
Pages
100255
ISSN
2666-3546 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100255
PMC
PMC8019595
OpenAlex
W3147379521
Cited by
17
References
20
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 2
FWCI
0.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Institutes of Health
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
Keywords
nitric oxide, exhaled nitric oxide, asthma, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, psychological stress, depression, respiratory infections, innate immunity, airway inflammation, nitric oxide bioavailability, disease exacerbation

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